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(NaturalNews) The new scientific toolbox is being used to poke around in HDL's house, only to find good news and bad news. HDL has been labeled "good" cholesterol because it helps remove damaged LDL cholesterol from your arteries and has generally been associated with having less cardiovascular disease. It is now coming to light that the quality of the HDL you have is as important, if not more important, than the amount of HDL you have. This means there is both "good HDL" and "bad HDL" and if you have too much of the bad HDL then it no longer protects you and actually helps cause heart disease. How do you know if you have good or bad HDL? Read on…

HDL is small in comparison to LDL, and it is higher in protein. It functions as a tow truck, latching on to spent or damaged LDL and returning it to your liver for recycling and/or clearance. The two main proteins that make up HDL are called apoA-I (75%) and apoA-II (25%). ApoA-I is the good guy, and its integrity of structure is vital for HDL's ability to clear damaged LDL from your circulation and the walls of your arteries.

New discoveries are showing that apoA-I is also vital for HDL's enzyme functions that give it anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The role of apoA-II is much less understood, other than to say it is implicated as part of problems with fat metabolism and too much of it causes poor HDL function.

One aspect of HDL fitness is that as it does its work its supply of apoA-I is temporarily diminished and replaced by apoA-II. If HDL then fails to replenish apoA-I it loses its ability to function in a helpful cardiovascular way and actually becomes a problem to cardiovascular health. One key sign that a person lacks apoA-I and has too much apoA-II is elevating triglycerides.

I have long advised that your triglycerides should never be more than twice your HDL, a relationship that in my opinion is far more important than your LDL/HDL ratio. The new science helps clarify why this is the case, explaining that as triglycerides go up then HDL quality goes down. In this handicapped condition HDL loses its ability to remove LDL, quench inflammation, and perform antioxidant functions.

What really has the science world buzzing is a newly recognized function of HDL as a major signaling molecule in your circulation, one that is acting as a communication platform to help instruct other cells around it what to do. Researchers have proven direct communication from HDL to the endothelial cells that line your arteries, the smooth muscle that comprises your arterial walls, the macrophages that are involved with LDL-related plaque formation, and T cells of your immune system.

These new insights came from several lines of research. Advanced proteomic analysis of HDL found that it had approximately 100 small protein peptides that were previously unknown. These small proteins are using the cell membrane of HDL cholesterol as a communication platform. This means that HDL is involved in all sorts of communication that regulates the world around it – a function that has never before been understood and one that is just now being learned about.

Other research has more accurately defined the nature of the fatty substances that make up the HDL cell membrane. These are rich in phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol). These phospholipids are linked to a unique cell membrane fat called sphingomyelin, which is used to make a major signaling molecule (Sphingosine-1-phosphate).

The discoveries of these multiple research efforts show that HDL is a dynamic communication platform, and has at least 100 different signaling proteins it can use to orchestrate what is going on around it. You might say that HDL cholesterol is a mini-brain floating around in your circulation. It is like having a manager on the production floor.

Now for the bad news on Cholesterol

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