Mark Sircus
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 Botulinum toxin has been a concern as a potential biological warfare agent since World War II. In response to concerns about Germany's botulinum toxin research, the United States and Great Britain developed countermeasures against the toxin before the invasion of Europe. More recently, Iraq has been accused of producing large amounts of botulinum toxin for use as a biological warfare agent. The extreme toxicity of botulinum toxins and the ease of production, transport, and delivery make this an agent of extreme bioterrorism concern.
67 Overview of Botulism: www.cidrap.umn. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Merck Pharmaceuticals President George Merck is named director of the War Research Service (WRS), an agency designed to oversee the establishment of a biological warfare program (Goliszek).
(1944 - 1946) A captain in the medical corps addresses an April 1944 memo to Col. |
Joseph Campbell
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| At last, the earth will sweeten and the waters turn to wine, the wish-fulfilling trees will yield their bounty of delights to a blissful population of perfectly wedded twins; and the happiness of this community again will be doubled, and the wheel, through ten millions of ten millions of one hundred millions of one hundred million periods of countless years, will approach the point of beginning the downward revolution, which again will increasing noise of unwholesome merrymaking, warfare, and pestilential winds. |
Devra Davis
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 It need not be especially mentioned that without tetraethyl-lead the present methods of warfare would be impossible. The fact that since the beginning of the war we could produce tetraethyl-lead is entirely due to the circumstances that, shortly before, the Americans had presented us with the production plans, complete with their know-how. It was, moreover, the first time that the Americans decided to give a license on this process in a foreign country (besides communication of unprotected secrets) and this only on our urgent requests to Standard Oil to fulfill our wish. |
Ron Garner
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 Colloidal silver has also been reported to be effective against germ warfare pathogens such as anthrax and bubonic plague.18 In 1919, Alfred Searle, founder of Searle Pharmaceuticals, indicated that in tests, colloidal silver protected rabbits from ten times the lethal dose of tetanus and diphtheria toxins.19
Silver is a trace mineral. It is present in the body in minute amounts and is used by the body to produce healthy cells and maintain the immune system. People previously obtained trace minerals such as silver in adequate amounts from eating plants grown in nutrient-rich soil. |
David R. Montgomery
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 Chronic warfare, rule by force, and a culture of terror characterized the end state of precontact Mangaian society.
Reconstructions of Mangaia's human population mirror those of Eastet Island, albeit on a smaller scale. Starting with perhaps a few dozen colonizers around 500 bc, the island's population grew steadily to about five thousand people by ad 1500. The population fell dramatically ovet the next two centuties, hitting a low soon after European contact and then rebounding to a modern population of several thousand. |
| Tikopia developed into an idyllic island paradise, while Mangaia and Easter Island descended into perpetual warfare. Recalling that Tikopia's Utopian system was maintained at the cost of lives prevented or eclipsed in the name of population control, we can justifiably ask which was the higher price. Nonetheless, Tikopian society prospered for thousands of years on a tiny isolated outpost.
An essential difference between the stories of these islands lies in their soils. Deeply weathered soils in Mangaia's sloping volcanic core are nutrient poor. |
| Without the ability to make canoes, they were trapped, reduced to perpetual warfare over a diminishing resource base that ultimately came to include themselves as their society unraveled.
Rapa Nui (the native inhabitants' name for Easter Island) is located at the same latitude as central Florida, but in the Southern Hemisphere. Continually swept by warm Pacific winds, the island consists of three ancient volcanoes occupying less than fifty square miles—a tropical paradise more than a thousand miles from the nearest inhabitable land. |
Alex Steffen
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 Another component of the new state-versus-nonstate warfare is systems disruption, strategic attacks without the use of weapons of mass destruction. This type of warfare uses our systems against us. For example, on 9/11 the transportation system was used as a weapon. In Iraq, attacks against power systems, oil pipelines, and social connections have hollowed out the newly emerging state. |
David R. Montgomery
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| By contrast, he suggests, Mangaia was just large enough to foster an us versus them dynamic that fueled competition and warfare between people living in neighboring valleys. Easter Island supported a larger and less cohesive society, leading to even more disastrous results. If Kirch is right and larger social systems encourage violent competition over collective compromise, we need to take a sober look at our global prospects for managing our island in space.
The story of dramatic soil loss following human colonization of islands is not restricted to the South Pacific. |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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 The Great Temple at the center of the capital was actually divided into two halves: at the summit of one half was the temple of Tlaloc, god of rain and agriculture, while the other half was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, patron of warfare and of the sun, its steps splattered with the blood of sacrificial victims. The Aztecs were fond of contrasts of this sort.
The warriors were the backbone of the Aztec state, and were graduates of the telpochcalli, the military academy. |
Mark Sircus
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| More recently, Iraq has been accused of producing large amounts of botulinum toxin for use as a biological warfare agent. The extreme toxicity of botulinum toxins and the ease of production, transport, and delivery make this an agent of extreme bioterrorism concern.
67 Overview of Botulism: www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/bfcT)otulism/biofacts/ botulismfactsheet.html
68 Keen, H., et al, Diabetes Care, 1993; 16: 8-15.
69 Jamal, G., Diabetic Medicine, 1994; 11(2): 145-49. |
Devra Davis
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| Instead, scientific investigations became part and parcel of vital national efforts to conduct and carry out warfare. During the various early-nineteenth-century French revolutions, the philosophes had boasted—at least until some of them were beheaded for doing so—of the value of pursuing cross-national exchanges.
For humanity, the specter of death and national conflict that began to course around the world in the second quarter of the twentieth century concentrated the imagination wonderfully. But it seldom did this in a way that inspired clear thinking about the future. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Chemical warfare against the American people
With the passage of S.1082 and the emboldening of the FDA and Big Pharma, a war has been declared on the American people, and it is far more dangerous than any terrorist action. It is a war against Americans' health, and the U.S. Senate has now condemned itself as a band of sellouts for giving official legislative approval for the waging of that war against Americans. It is a war that will produce millions of casualties over the next decade. |
David R. Montgomery
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| It soon became clear that the unprecedented amounts of explosives used in the new style of trench warfare would exhaust German munitions in less than a year. The blockade also cut off BASF from its primary markets and tevenue sources. Within months of the outbreak of hostilities the company's new ammonia plant was converted from producing fertilizer to nitrates for Germany's ammunition factories. By the war's end, all of BASF's production was used for munitions and together with the German war minisrry the company was building a major plant deep inside Germany, safe from French air raids. |
Gerald E. Markle and Frances B. McCrea
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 Yet it seems to us that the low technology of this urban guerilla warfare, where the most dangerous weapons are so-called IEDs (improvised explosive devices), might have something to do with the higher rates of survival.
WHAT IF?
What if emergency medicine and its allied specialties disappeared?
As we have seen, an important (perhaps coequal) function of the emergency room, a function mandated by federal law, is to provide health care for uninsured and disadvantaged populations. |
Andreas Moritz
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 Military troops have to submit to all manner of vaccinations in the name of readiness for warfare. The servicemen and women endure endless injections designed to "protect" them against bio-toxins like smallpox, anthrax, ricin and others.
Several soldiers have died from the often untested chemicals in the vaccines, and others have been severely sickened by the practice. Not unlike those women involved in involuntary ultrasound studies, soldiers have become guinea pigs in massive drug studies. How else could the pharmaceutical industry legally test poisons on human subjects? |
| Letting go of the need to fight in life reprograms the DNA of the body, changing its course of warfare and eventual annihilation to one of healthy reproduction. Not needing to fight for their survival gives the cancer cells a chance to be accepted again by the entire "family" of cells in the body. Cancer cells are normal cells that are rejected by what they consider home. They are deprived of proper nourishment and support. In their desperation to survive, they grab everything they can find to live on, even cellular waste products and toxins. This practically turns them into 'outcasts. |
| The constant biochemical warfare fought on the surface of the skin interferes with and destroys its own protective mechanisms, and makes it susceptible to permanent damage and abnormal cell growth. Such suspicions have caused some chemicals found in sun lotions, such as 5-methoxypsoralen, to be discontinued.
The main problem with using sunscreens is, however, that they may seduce sunbathers to stay in the sun much longer than it would normally be wise to do. |
Anne Harrington
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 In the postwar era, however, Selye was able to persuade several military psychiatrists that there was in fact an important link between the laboratory work on what he was calling stress and the larger concerns they had about the new challenges facing fighting men in modern warfare. They would get further, he convinced them, if they started to pay attention, not just to the unconscious conflicts supposedly experienced by their soldiers but also to their adrenaline levels. And in the end, many were persuaded. |
| In 1988, one activist AIDS patient in New York City put the matter plainly in the pages of New York Native, a gay and lesbian periodical:
Psychological warfare is being waged against gay men in the United States. For the past month or so the media have been disseminating hostile propaganda, with the message that we will all die, that we must die. These death threats do not issue from the usual bigots. . . . We are being cursed in the name of science, and the imprecations directed against us have the imprimatur of the Public Health Service (PHS). |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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| Magnificent temples and palaces, stone relief carvings, wall paintings, lovely jades, and above all delicately painted and carved ceramic vessels testify to the artistic as well as material wealth of this Golden Age—and all this in spite of almost constant internecine warfare between the city-states.
In the pre-Conquest New World, hieroglyphic writing was known only in Mesoamerica, and it reached its highest elaboration among the Maya. |
Charles Barber
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 With the Austrian capital's skyline behind him and the Danube River and the Vienna Woods below, Harry Lime justifies his behavior and the conflicts he has created: "In Italy for thirty years under the Borgias they had warfare, terror, murder, bloodshed—and they produced Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Renaissance. In Switzerland, they had brotherly love—five hundred years of democracy and peace. And what did that produce? The cuckoo clock. |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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| The Aztecs had a genius for warfare; their large armies and their military ethos ensured that they would defeat almost all their adversaries. Their only major setback was at the hands of the Tarascans of Michoacan, on the west, and they wisely left these proud people alone for the rest of their history. |
Bill Sardi
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 Rhoads was head of chemical warfare during the Korean War and was deeply committed to using toxic chemicals to kill cancer cells.
Other investigators validated the link between mycobacteria and cancer. In 1965, Canadian researchers had confirmed the existence of bacterial-like organisms inside tumors. [Canadian Medical Assn Journal 92: 31-33, 1965] The germ was believed to be a variant of tuberculosis, a known mycobacterium. In 1970, a researcher in Japan convincingly showed that mycobacterium causes cancer. |
Mark Lynas
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 The result was an unpleasant mess of warfare, migration and eventual societal collapse.
Today's urban societies are of course very different from those constructed by the Moche and Chimu. At its height, the Moche's entire civilisation included only half a million or so people, scattered across several coastal valleys. Today Lima has upwards of 8 million (a third of Peru's entire population) over a vast area, many of them eking out a living in the impoverished shanty towns which sprawl up the hillsides around the city. |
Devra Davis
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| He interviewed key German scientists and brought back critical studies on topics ranging from chemical warfare to pesticides, pharmaceuticals and industrial materials.
Throughout its history, Ethyl Corporation had maintained close ties with many foreign companies—much closer than the U.S. government realized at the time. Germany was one of its most important clients. In March 1942, Thurman Arnold, a U.S. |
Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 The body struggles to defend itself, engaging in continuous biochemical warfare between the invading toxins (rancid fats, heavy metals, cigarette smoke, and the like) and the immune system. During these battles the toxic waste of combat begins to accumulate in the body, causing enormous metabolic stress that, over time, can lead to disease.
During free-radical stress, the oxidants act like invaders, taking away electrons from precious molecules at every turn. |
Paul D. Blanc, M.D.
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 The work with chlorine was the proving ground for battlefield chemical warfare in World War I, and it ultimately inspired the research and development that facilitated mass civilian extermination in World War II. But the technology of bleaching itself did not remain static. With innovations came additional health concerns. In the years following World War II, the bleaching industry entered into a new period of development. In the wood pulp papet industry, chlorine dioxide, rather than chlorine, assumed an ascendant position as the bleaching gas of choice. |
| Incredibly, the chemical had been used to impregnate uniforms against chemical warfare agents. The veterans studied had been assigned to field units processing the uniforms. The later concern was over possible long-term effects, because laboratory studies had shown that tetrachloroethane exhibited cancer potential in test animals. Although a modest elevation in cancer tisk was apparent among the exposed veterans who were studied, no definitive conclusions based on the research were ever reached. |
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