Tori Hudson, N.D. See book keywords and concepts | When some of the hydrogen molecules are removed, what remains is an unsaturated fatty acid, or unsaturated fat. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature and, therefore, are called oils. Most vegetable oils contain mainly unsaturated fats. These are not as bad for you as saturated fats, and they contain healthy essential fatty acids (discussed later), but they aren't healthy in large quantities. Polyunsaturated fatty acids contain more than one double bond along the fatty acid chain. | Patrick Holford See book keywords and concepts | Fat
There are two basic kinds of fat: saturated (hard) fat and unsaturated fat. It is neither essential to eat saturated fat nor ideal to eat too much. The main sources are meat and dairy products. There are also two kinds of unsaturated fat: monounsaturated fats, of which olive oil is a rich source; and polyunsaturated fats, found in nut and seed oils and fish.
Certain polyunsaturated fats, called linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid or omega-6 and omega-3 oils, are essential for the brain and nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system, and skin. | Michael T. Murray See book keywords and concepts | In other words, the carbons are saturated with, all of the atoms they can hold:
H H H H
I I I I H-C-C-C-C-O I I I I H H H H
An unsaturated fat has one or more bonding sites left unoccupied; the two neighboring carbon atoms will take up the slack by forming a double bond:
H H
I I
H-C-C=C-C-0 I I I I H H H H
A fat molecule with one double bond is called a monounsaturated fat. Molecules with more than one double bond are called polyunsaturated fats. Mono- means "one"; poly- means "many. | Bruce Fife and Jon J. Kabara See book keywords and concepts | The result would be an unsaturated fat. In this case it would form a monounsaturated fatty acid. The example shown is oleic acid, an 18-chain monounsaturated fatty acid which is found predominantly in olive oil.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
HHHHH H HHHHHHHO
H-C-C-C-C-C-C = C-C-C ?C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-O-H
.................
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
If two or more pairs of hydrogen atoms are missing and more than one double carbon bond is present, it is referred to as a polyunsaturated oil. The example illustrated is linoleic acid an 18-chain polyunsaturated acid. | Mary-Ann Shearer See book keywords and concepts | If there is only one seat available on the bus it is a mono (meaning one) unsaturated (meaning not full) fat, which means there is very little space available, and if the bus has two or more seats available then it is a poly (meaning many) unsaturated fat.
The buses with seats available (both mono- and polyunsaturated fats), known collectively as unsaturated fats, are able to pick up cholesterol in the bloodstream, where it is deposited by the liver and transported to cells where it is needed to make hormones such as progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen. | Patrick Holford See book keywords and concepts | There are also two kinds of unsaturated fat: monounsaturated fats, of which olive oil is a rich source; and polyunsaturated fats, found in nut and seed oils and fish.
Certain polyunsaturated fats, called linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid or omega-6 and omega-3 oils, are essential for the brain and nervous system, immune system, cardiovascular system, and skin. A common sign of deficiency of these substances is dry skin. The optimal diet provides a balance of these two essential fats. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | Replace energy from SFA and TFA with unsaturated fat energy sources—The addition of PUFA and MUFA to the diet at the expense of SFA and TFA is an increasingly common approach that is consistent with a
Mediterranean-style diet. When MUFA replace SFA, plasma TG is decreased and HDL-C remains unchanged or is decreased less compared with a high-carbohydrate, reduced-fat diet [47, 49, 50].
3. | J. Douglas Bremner See book keywords and concepts | Processed foods, such as doughnuts, that contain trans fats (a type of unsaturated fat associated with increased risk for heart disease), and even whole or unprocessed foods with saturated fats, such as beef, cause your body to make more cholesterol.
Cholesterol can't dissolve in the blood; it must be transported to and from the cells by carriers called lipoproteins. High-density lipoprotein (HDL), known as "good" cholesterol, carries cholesterol away from your arteries. Your body makes HDL cholesterol for your protection. | Michael Pollan See book keywords and concepts | Very limited and preliminary scientific evidence suggests that eating about one tablespoon (16 grams) of corn oil daily may reduce the risk of heart disease due to the unsaturated fat content in corn oil.
The tablespoon is a particularly rich touch, conjuring images of moms administering medicine, or perhaps cod-liver oil, to their children. But what the FDA gives with one hand, it takes away with the other. Here's the small-print "qualification" of this already notably diffident health claim:
[The] FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim. | Michael T. Murray See book keywords and concepts | When an unsaturated fat contains the first double bond at the third carbon, it is referred to as an omega-3 fatty acid. If the first double bond is at the sixth carbon, it is an omega-6 fatty acid; if the first double bond occurs at the ninth carbon, it is an omega-9 fatty acid.
Most Americans eat way too much saturated fat found in meats and the omega-6 oils found in most vegetable oils. Because of this, they suffer from a relative deficiency of monounsaturated fats from olive oil and nuts and even more so the omega-3 fats found in fish and flaxseed oil? | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | As discussed in the previous sections, research suggests that a high unsaturated fat intake and high protein intake may benefit BP. | | SFA) or unsaturated fat (8.8% SFA). Increased consumption of SFA at this single meal significantly elevated the postprandial expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 for up to 6 hours [34]. Levels of another adhesion molecule, P-selectin, which have been positively correlated with CVD, also have been shown to increase following a diet high in SFA [35]. Compared to individuals on a Mediterranean-style diet, the LDL-C particles from individuals on a high-SFA diet (20% of energy) induce increased expression of VCAM-1 and E-selectin [39]. Small reductions (-1. | Wendy Bazilian, DRPH, MA, RD, Steven Pratt, MD, Kathy Matthews See book keywords and concepts | And they are low in saturated fat (less than 7 percent) and high in unsaturated fat (from 40 to 60 percent).28 The fat in nuts is particularly valuable because some of this fat is plant-derived omega-3 fat. This is the same kind of healthy fat discussed above as coming from fatty fish like the SuperFood wild salmon. And nuts also provide a version of this fat, and though it is different in some ways from the omega-3s in fish, it nonetheless provides many of the same benefits. | Dan Buettner See book keywords and concepts | But," Fraser said, cleaving the air with both palms for emphasis, "it turns out that most of the fat in nuts is unsaturated fat. And when we looked at that data, it was really so clear: The Adventists who consumed nuts at least five times a week had about half the risk of heart disease of those who didn't. This was true of men, women, vegetarian, nonvegetarian—we split the population up about 16 or 17 different ways and each time asked the question, 'Does nut consumption matter?' And every time we saw that it did. | Russell L. Blaylock, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | T T
-o—o-o—O
H
Figure 2: A. unsaturated fat with two double bonds between the carbon atoms. B. Saturated fat with no double bonds between carbons.
The shape of the fat molecule plays a major role in how these fats function in the body. The saturated fats are solid like lard and butter, whereas the unsaturated fats tend to be liquid, as we see with the vegetable oils. Within cells this can determine how well the membrane works. Saturated fats interfere with the movement of special molecules that normally travel along the membrane. We call this property fluidity. | Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | In one study, men with heart disease were assigned to receive either no dietary advice (control group) or a low-fat diet supplemented with unsaturated fat (corn oil). Although treatment with corn oil reduced serum cholesterol, it also nearly doubled the incidence of heart attacks, compared with the control group.3 This adverse effect of corn oil may have resulted from a depletion of vitamin E (unsaturated fats increase vitamin E requirements). | by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D. See book keywords and concepts | | In other words, the carbons are saturated with all of the atoms they can hold:
H H H H H H
I I I I II
H-C-C-C-C-O H-C-C=C-C-0
I I I I I I I I
HHHH HHHH
An unsaturated fat has one or more bonding A fat molecule with one double bond is sites left unoccupied. The two neighboring car- called a monounsaturated fat. Molecules with bon atoms will take up the slack by forming a more than one double bond are called polyundouble bond: saturated fats. Monomeans
'one"; poly- means
TABLE 6. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | The reduction and replacement of SFA and trans fatty acids (TFA) with unsaturated fat or carbohydrates is currently a widely accepted approach for decreasing major CVD risk factors. In addition, dietary protein is being considered as a substitute for SFA and TFA. The effects of protein on CVD is becoming a more well-defined area as an increasing number of studies are being performed that examine both type and amount of protein. In the past decade, dietary recommendations have been made for other nutrients based on the emerging evidence. | The Editors of FC&A See book keywords and concepts | | This form of unsaturated fat helps improve your brain's performance and your memory.
One study found that older people who eat fish at least once a week are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD). The researchers also discovered the fish eaters were better educated than those who didn't eat fish, which may be partly responsible for the results. That's because using your brain seems to protect it. Nevertheless, fish improves blood flow to the brain and helps lower your risk of high cholesterol, heart disease, and stroke, making it a healthy addition to your diet. | Michael Friedman, ND See book keywords and concepts | Diet should focus on restriction of saturated fat and inclusion of unsaturated fat in the diet. In other words, animal fats should be avoided, and fats from nuts, seeds, and fish should be encouraged.
Lipid Lowering Botanicals and Nutraceuticals
Herb/Nutrient
Action
Dose
Niacin
Inhibits liver formation of LDL cholesterol Can be used as a detoxification agent
3 g q.d. Causes flushing (a non-toxic release of histamine), but taking it with food decreases this; taking it in 500 mg increments every 3 days (up to 3 g) can also decrease flushing. | Richard Beliveau, Ph.D. and Denis Gingras, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | The modern diet contains at least twice as much fat, a percentage of saturated fat relative to unsaturated fat that is much higher, barely a third of the fibre, an avalanche of sugar to the detriment of complex carbohydrates, and, paradoxically, reduced amounts of essential nutrients compared to a traditional diet.
Another perverse effect of the industrialization of food is large-scale production, using methods that justify higher production costs and that make food abundantly available and affordable for the great majority of people. | Mary-Ann Shearer See book keywords and concepts | Both butter and coconut oil are a saturated fat and, as such, are stable during the heating process—they do not change shape and are easier for us to digest than a heated, unsaturated fat. For this reason heated, saturated fats in small quantities occasionally can be tolerated by most people without any serious problems.
We have been led to believe by the oil and margarine advertising companies that all vegetable fats are better than any animal fats. But is this true? Let us compare the relative merits of butter and margarine. Butter is not heated during processing. | Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | Vitamin E, 400 IU per day, to "balance" the extra unsaturated fat.
• Anti-yeast medication, evening primrose oil, vitamin B12 injections, adenosine-monophosphate injections, and/or Padma 28 (Adaptrin), in selected cases.
• DHEA, with medical supervision, if levels are low.
Editor's Note: As we go to press, Dr. Wright, Dr. George Gillson and other physicians have been working with a transdermal histamine preparation—an updated version of a 1940s Mayo clinic-originated intravenous histamine treatment, created by Elaine DeLack, R.N. | Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D. See book keywords and concepts | A diet high in unsaturated fat increases vitamin E requirements. Vitamin E and selenium (page 584) work together to protect fat-soluble parts of the body.
VITAMIN K
What is it?
Vitamin K is needed for proper bone formation and blood clotting. In both cases, vitamin K does this by helping the body transport calcium (page 483). Vitamin K is used by doctors when treating an overdose of the drug warfarin. Also, doctors prescribe vitamin K to prevent excessive bleeding in people taking warfarin but requiring surgery. | by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D. See book keywords and concepts | | When an unsaturated fat contains the first double bond at the third carbon, it is referred to as an omega-3 fatty acid. If the first double bond is at the sixth carbon, it is an omega-6 fatty acid, and if it occurs at the ninth carbon it is an omega-9 fatty acid.
Essential Fatty Acids
The only two official essential fatty acids are linoleic acid (an omega-6 fat) and alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fat), but other fats are clearly beneficial. | Ben-Erik van Wyk See book keywords and concepts | The oil is high in unsaturated fat (about 80%).
Piper nigrum pepper • black pepper
Description a perennial climber (vine) that grows up to a height of 4 m. It has large, heart-shaped leaves, small flowers and rounded fruits (about 5 mm in diameter) borne in long, hanging spikes. Piper species of lesser importance are Indian long pepper (P. longum), tailed pepper or cubeb (P. cubeba) and Javanese long pepper (P. retropactum). | Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D. See book keywords and concepts | Environmental sources of free radicals include exposure to ionizing radiation (from industry, sun exposure, cosmic rays, and medical X-rays), ozone and nitrous oxide (primarily from automobile exhaust), heavy metals (such as mercury, cadmium, and lead), cigarette smoke (both active and passive), alcohol, unsaturated fat, and other chemicals and compounds from food, water, and air.
The body produces several antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, that neutralize many types of free radicals. | Ben-Erik van Wyk See book keywords and concepts | Nuts and oilseeds have an exceptionally high energy value (calorific value) due to the high unsaturated fat content. Whereas carbohydrate foods such as cereals yield around 350 kcal per 100 g, most nuts and oilseeds provide between 500 and 700 kcal per 100 g (up to 2 900 kj). Pure vegetable fats and oils typically yield 900 kcal (3 700 kj) per 100 g. Fortunately, the nutrient density is very high, so that nuts are not fattening if eaten in moderation. Nuts are rich in proteins and essential amino acids - only 150 g will provide all the daily needs of an average adult. | James F. Balch, M.D. and Mark Stengler, N.D. See book keywords and concepts | Beneficial effects of weight loss associated with moderate calorie/carbohydrate restriction, and increased proportional intake of protein and unsaturated fat on serum urate and lipoprotein levels in gout: A pilot study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 59(7):539-43.
Hair Loss
As part of the body's renewal process, most of us lose 50 to 100 hairs every day. The average rate of growth is approximately Vi inch per month. Interestingly, hair grows fastest in the summer, as heat and friction speed up growth. Conversely, it grows slower in the cold and the winter months. | Joseph E. Mario See book keywords and concepts | ARAME A thick, broadleaf kelp related to wakame and kombu; has excellent Protein; Starch; sugar; unsaturated Fat; Vitamins A; B-Complex; Iodine; Calcium; Iron; and all the Minerals. For female problems; and high blood pressure. Used in salads, stews, and side dishes.
•BLADDERWRACK (Fucus Vesiculosis) A thyroid stimulant with Iodine, Trace minerals, Minerals, Proteins and Vitamins. Reduces overweight if due from an underactive Thyroid gland, for weight loss, and rheumatism. A Japanese staple.
•DULSE A deep red, tender zesty plant that can be eaten raw, melts in saliva. |
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