Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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 Colorectal Cancer
A case-control epidemiological study of 629 Italian rectal cancer subjects and 955 colon cancer patients compared the RR of developing colorectal cancer between the fourth and first quartile of Tomato eaters. The RR for the colon cancer patients was 0.39 (95% confidence interval of 0.31 to 0.49) and for the rectal cancer patients was 0.42 (confidence interval of 0.32 to 0.55). The cases were adjusted for sex, study center where the case occurred, educational level, alcohol usage, smoking status, caloric intake, and age (Franc-eschi et al, 1997). |
| Women with the highest tea consumption (or = 200 g/month) had a 33% reduced risk for colon cancer, 43% reduced risk of rectal cancer and 47% reduction in the risk for pancreatic cancer (p= 0.07, 0.001, and 0.008 respectively). For men who consumed S 300 g/month of Green Tea, the risk of colon cancer was reduced by 18%, for rectal cancer there was a 28% reduction of risk, and for pancreatic cancer the risk reduction was 37% (p= 0.38, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively) (Ji, 1997). |
| The RR for the rectal cancer patients groups was 1.03 with a p=0.84. The same cases were evaluated again using Tomato paste instead of Tomatoes as the criteria. The RR for the colon cancer group was 0.78 (p=0.12) and for the rectal cancer group the RR was 0.93 (p=0.93). The cases were adjusted for sex, region, and age (Tuyns et al, 1988).
Esophageal Cancer
A case-control epidemiological study of 217 male and 127 female patients evaluated the RR of developing esophageal cancer. |
Bill Sardi
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 Lung Cancer 45: 263-66, 2004]
In 1996, cancer surgeons in Germany reported that seven patients who underwent partial removal of tissue for rectal cancer were completely free of the disease 10 years later even though they did not undergo radiation or chemotherapy following surgery. [Langenbecks Archives Chir 113: 133-35, 1996]
In 1996, investigators in the Netherlands reported that a 59-year-old man who had undergone surgical prostate removal nine years earlier, developed a metastatic tumor in his pelvis as confirmed by a bone scan. Two years later radiation treatment was applied to the area. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
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 Radiation is sometimes used with surgery and chemotherapy, particularly for rectal cancer.
Dietary changes that may be helpful
The following dietary changes have been studied in connection with colon cancer.
Alcohol
Most,1'2'3 but not all,4 preliminary reports have found an association between beer drinking (though not consumption of other forms of alcohol) and rectal cancer. Beer drinking has also been associated with an increased risk of precancerous changes in the colon.5 Nitrosamines—cancer-causing chemicals found in beer—may be partially responsible for these associations. |
| Several studies have found consumption of any form of alcohol to be associated with an increased risk of rectal and colon cancers, the link between rectal cancer and beer being only slightly stronger than the association between rectal cancer and consumption of other forms of alcohol.7'8
Alcohol can indirectly damage DNA—the material that allows cells to replicate normally. Abnormal replication of cells can lead to cancer. Folic acid (page 520), a B vitamin, appears to protect against alcohol-induced DNA damage. |
Andreas Moritz
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 The researchers were able to determine that women who were exposed to chlorinated water had a 48 percent increased risk of bladder cancer, a 38 percent increased risk of rectal cancer, a 90 percent increased risk of esophageal cancer and an 11 percent increased risk of breast cancer. Men were not affected as much as women. Adding chlorine to drinking water causes a chemical reaction that results in the formation of a cocktail of carcinogens. |
Bill Sardi
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| Men who consume the most water have a 92% lower risk of rectal cancer compared to men who drink less water. [International Journal Cancer 82:484-89, 1999]
Long-term exposure to chlorinated drinking water (30-40 years) increases the risk of colon cancer. [Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers Prevention 9:813-8, 2000]
Foods with refined sugars confer a three-times increased risk for colon cancer. [Nutrition & Cancer 21: 233-46, 1994]
It has long been known that blood clots are common among cancer patients. |
| But its future will likely be confined to prevention or treatment of colon and rectal cancer because of its poor absorption and bioavailability. [European Journal Cancer, August 1, 2005] It may also have potential in the treatment or prevention of prostate cancer since it was shown to be effective after oral consumption in animals. |
| International Journal Cancer 80: 693-98, 1999] The combination of iron and fat in the diet increases the risk for rectal cancer by 330%! [European Journal Cancer Prevention 8: 501-08, 1999] The combination of fat plus high-dose iron from red meat or iron pills may be problematic. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| For men who consumed S 300 g/month of Green Tea, the risk of colon cancer was reduced by 18%, for rectal cancer there was a 28% reduction of risk, and for pancreatic cancer the risk reduction was 37% (p= 0.38, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively) (Ji, 1997).
Colitis
Catechins from Green Tea extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory action in Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-in-duced colitis in Sprague-Dawley rats. Experimentally induced TNBS colitis is histopathologically similar to Crohn's disease in humans. |
Bill Sardi
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| British Medical Journal 332: 687, 2006] Since there are more lung cancer deaths in the United States than there are breast, prostate, colon, or rectal cancer deaths combined, the decline in smoking is likely to result in a drop in the overall rate of cancer. For example, the greater decline in cancer death rates is due in large part to the substantial decrease in tobacco use among males. [Cancer 107: published online Sept. 6, 2006]
Do they really want you to stop smoking?
One wonders why smoking is still popular in the United States. |
David W. Grotto, RD, LDN
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 Black tea consumption and risk of rectal cancer in Moscow population. Ann Epidemiol. 2003;13(6):405-411.
Hakim IA, Harris RB. Joint effects of citrus peel use and black tea intake on the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. BMC Dermatol. 2001;1:3. Hegarty VM, May HM, Khaw K-T. Tea drinking and bone mineral density in older women. Am } Clin Nutr 2000;71:1003-1007.
Isemura M, Saeki K, Kimura T, et al. Tea catechins and related polyphenols as anticancer agents. Biofactors. 2000;13(l-4):81-85.
Kim W et al. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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 An inverse dose-response association was reported for vitamins E and C with rectal cancer [73], although the association with vitamin E was no longer significant after adjustment for serum cholesterol [94]. Whether the serum level of vitamin E is not relevant to tissue levels in the rectum or whether there are other reasons for differences in results remains to be determined.
III. MODEL 2: COOKED FOODS
A second hypothesis is that the methods used to cook meat and other foods may be more important than the foods themselves [98-100]. |
| The MTHFR 1298CC genotype and high intake of nonfried vegetables were associated with a reduction in risk of rectal cancer [228]. Other genes involved in methylation processes, such as methionine synthase [229] and alcohol dehydrogenase, also may be influenced by dietary factors. However, one study evaluating methionine synthase did not find variation in risk by genotype in conjunction with either alcohol or folate intake [230]. Further study with more combinations of genes in the methylation process should be informative. |
| OR 6.0; 95% CI 2.9-12.6). Schiffman and Felton [103] reported more than a threefold increase in risk associated with high levels of consumption of well-done meat. Other studies failed to detect significant associations or reported much weaker associations with colon cancer (OR 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.7) [42, 104] or identified associations with rectal cancer only among men [105] when using a mutagen index that was based on both frequency of consumption and temperature of cooking.
IV. |
Bill Sardi
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| Five-year survival increases by about 5% for colon cancer and 9% for rectal cancer. [Diseases Colon Rectum 40: 35-41, 1997]
Chemotherapy and antioxidant supplements
While it is frequently said that supplemental vitamins are not compatible with chemotherapy, the combination of 5-FU and folic acid allows for a doubling of survival time, with median survival improved by about 10 months. [Rev Med Brux 18: 209-12, 1997]
A study published in 1997 by researchers at Vanderbilt University found vitamin E increases the effectiveness of the most commonly used chemotherapy drug (5-FU) for colon cancer. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| An inverse dose-response association was reported for vitamins E and C with rectal cancer [73], although the association with vitamin E was no longer significant after adjustment for serum cholesterol [94]. Whether the serum level of vitamin E is not relevant to tissue levels in the rectum or whether there are other reasons for differences in results remains to be determined.
III. MODEL 2: COOKED FOODS
A second hypothesis is that the methods used to cook meat and other foods may be more important than the foods themselves [98-100]. |
Brenda Watson and Leonard Smith
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 These compounds include such deadly chemicals as chloroform, bromoform, and carbon tetrachloride, all of which have been linked with increased incidences of atherosclerosis, colon and rectal cancer, and bladder cancer. Chlorinated water also destroys much of our beneficial intestinal flora, needed to protect us from pathogens.
Drugged Drinking Water
Pharmaceutical drugs prescribed at high rates such as antidepressants and antibiotics are now turning up in rivers and groundwater. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| Slightly more positive association for rectal cancer than colon cancer.
Vitamin C
0.6-1.0
Inconclusive
Although plausible mechanisms exist, studies have generally not detected associations.
Model 2: Cooked foods
Fried foods
Null-6.0
Inconclusive
Many studies show no association; three show strong associations for highly browned or processed food.
Model 3: Insulin resistance
Energy and
RR: 0.8-1.8
Case-control studies report increased risk,
Possible recall bias in case-control studies; cohort energy balance with associations that are generally not observed in cohort studies. |
T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D. and Thomas M. Campbell II
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 As summarized in chapter four, as consumption of almost all of these fiber types went up, colon and rectal cancer rates went down.69 But we could make no clear interpretations70 as to which type of fiber was especially important.
Despite the uncertainties, I continue to believe that Burkitt's66 initial hypothesis that fiber-containing diets prevent colorectal cancers is correct and that some of this effect is due to the aggregate effect of all the fiber types. In fact, the hypothesis that dietary fiber prevents large bowel cancers has become even more convincing. |
Elaine Magee
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 In rural China, the rates of major chronic diseases, including breast, colon, and rectal cancer, are mere fractions of those reported in the United States. "There are some regions in China in which breast cancer and heart disease are almost unknown," Campbell says. Type 2 diabetes and bone-weakening osteoporosis are much less prevalent, even though the Chinese consume far fewer dairy products than we do in the United States, according to Campbell.
Does soy offer breast cancer benefits? |
Joseph E. Mario
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 CONSTRAINTS: Chemical form in drinking water and table salt destroys Vitamin E and friendly intestinal flora; increases risk of rectal cancer 3 8%.
DEFICIENCY SIGNS: Deranged fluid levels; hair and tooth loss; impaired digestion; poor muscle contraction, muscle weakness, trembling, hind paralysis, to death.
CHLORINE SOURCES: Pollen l%,seagreens, dulse, kelp, leafy greens, celery, beets, carrots, whole foods, barley, sardines, rye, olives, dulse, seafoods, Irish and Icelandmosses; alfalfa, Barberry, and Sarsaparilla. (Eggwhite ash 33% Sodium Chloride).
•SULFUR (S-) Atomic # 16; 3. |
T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D. and Thomas M. Campbell II
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| But what exactly stops colon and rectal cancer? Is it fiber? Is it fruits and vegetables? Is it carbohydrates? Is it milk? Each of these foods or nutrients has been suggested to play a role. The debate has raged, and solid answers are seldom agreed upon.
THE SPECIFIC CURE
Most of the debate over the past twenty-five years on dietary fiber and its link to large bowel cancer began with Burkitt's work in Africa. Because of Burkitt's prominence, many people have believed that fiber is the source of colorectal health. Perhaps you have already heard that fiber is good for preventing colon cancer. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
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 Obesity in men may cause or contribute to colon and rectal cancer; in women, it has been linked to gallbladder, cervical, uterine, and breast cancer. Overweight women are more likely to develop cancer of the uterine lining than other women and tend to do poorly if they develop breast cancer. Fat affects the level of sex hormones in the body. Hormones produced by the adrenal glands are converted into estrogen in fat tissue, so the greater the amount of fat present, the higher a woman's estrogen levels are likely to be. Estrogen stimulates cells in the breast and reproductive system to divide. |
Mark Blumenthal
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 Women with highest tea consumption had 33% reduced risk of colon cancer, 43% reduced risk of rectal cancer, and 47% reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (p=0.07,0.001, and 0.008 respectively). For men, 18% reduced risk of colon cancer, 43% reduction risk of rectal cancer, and 47% reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (p=0.38,0.04 and 0.04, respectively). controls
Imai et al., 1997
(type not stated)
Yu et al., 1995
P.CH n=8,552 Japanese men and women
10 years
CC. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| RR was 0.93 (p=0.93). The cases were adjusted for sex, region, and age (Tuyns et al, 1988).
Esophageal Cancer
A case-control epidemiological study of 217 male and 127 female patients evaluated the RR of developing esophageal cancer. The comparison was between those who ate one or more Tomatoes per day (minimum of 7/week) and those that ate one or less than 1 per month. The RR for the males was 0.61 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.43 to 0.86. The RR for the females was 1.08 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.69 to 1.67. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| IV. MODEL 3: INSULIN RESISTANCE
McKeown-Eyssen [106] first proposed the theory that nutrition relates to colon cancer through dietary contributions to insulin resistance, and Giovannucci [107] provided additional support in a literature review. The insulin resistance hypothesis pulls together many risk factors into a central biological mechanism. Long-term leisure physical activity is protective for colon cancer [97] and inversely associated with development of insulin resistance independently of body size [108]. |
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