Gabriel Cousens
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 Because of these tentatively positive results, two large studies were conducted, the Deutsche nicotinamide Intervention Study and the European nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT); neither found significant benefit. However, in the face of some of the above studies, if my child had Type-1 diabetes, I would certainly add nicotinamide to the mix because of its minimal toxicity, and the fact that it is inexpensive. A dosage of 2,000 mg a day would cost around $7.00 a month.
Dosage: The typical dosage used is 500-1,000 mg three times a day, taken with food. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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 Coenzyme forms: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP).
Summary for Biotin
Main function: energy metabolism. Adequate Intake: men and women, 30 meg. No toxicity reported. Deficiency is very rare.
Healthy food sources: found in a wide variety of foods.
Degradation: uncooked egg whites bind biotin. Coenzyme forms: acetyl-CoA carboxylase, pyruvate carboxylase, methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase.
Summary for Pantothenic Add—Vitamin B5
Main function: energy metabolism.
Adequate Intake level: men and women, 6 mg. |
| Niacin Coenzyme forms are: nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Niacin can be made in the body from the essential amino acid tryptophan. When tryptophan is consumed in excess of protein needs, one sixtieth of the excess tryptophan can be converted to niacin. The niacin equivalent (NE) of food includes the niacin present plus the amount of niacin that can be made from tryptophan. In some foods, the tryptophan content is more important than the niacin content in providing niacin equivalents. |
Bill Sardi
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 Journal National Cancer Institute 82: 672-76, 1990] The use of high-dose nicotinamide (niacinamide), which does not cause flushing and side effects as niacin does, improves oxygen flow to tumors. Patients with advanced cancers given 5,600 milligrams of nicotinamide experienced an increase in delivery of oxygen to tumor cells. [Cancer Research 57: 5261-64, 1997] Co-treatment using niacin and radiation therapy is more promising than radiation alone.
Vitamin B6 and cancer
The available data on the role of vitamin B6 and cancer is limited. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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| Coenzyme forms: nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP).
Nicotinic acid has been used to lower blood cholesterol in large doses of 3000 mg or more per day. This has resulted in a lowering of the bad LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol and also raises the good HDL (high density lipoprotein) cholesterol. Liver damage and aggravation of diabetes are potential dangers of such high doses. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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 The term vitamin B-3 deficiency means a deficiency of niacin, niacinamide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), or its reduced derivative, NADH.
This book's authors are not suggesting that vitamin B-3 is the most important vitamin. By definition, all vitamins are essential to health. The most important one for any particular person is the one most lacking. The best test to determine this is clinical. If a person takes a vitamin and after a short time becomes healthier and feels better, then obviously that vitamin was needed. |
Steven V. Joyal
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 Effect of standard nicotinamide in the prevention of type 1 diabetes in first-degree relarives of persons wirh type 1 diabetes. Autoimmunity 2006 Jun; 39(4):333-40.
Cauley JA et al. Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: The Women's Health Initiative randomized trial. JAMA 2003 Oct 1; 290(13):1729-38.
Colhoun HM et al. On behalf of the CARDS investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): Multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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| However, it is known that radiotherapy decreases the amount of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the liver by impairing the conversion of tryptophan to NAD.23 Since both niacin and niacinamide are readily incorporated into NAD, it would seem prudent for every patient receiving radiation to take supplemental vitamin B-3. This suggestion also applies to people exposed to irradiation from any other source.
Niacin may play a role in reducing the number of birth defects. H. |
Dr. Jonathan Prousky, BPHE, BSc, ND, FRSH
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 Lapin IP. nicotinamide, inosine and hypoxanthine, putative endogenous ligands of the benzodiazepine receptor, opposite to diazepam are much more effective against kynurenine-induced seizures than against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1981;14:589-93.
26. Markin RS, Murray WJ. Searching for the endogenous benzodiazepine using the graph theoretical approach. Pharm Res 1988;5:408-12.
27. Akhundov RA, Dzhafarova SA, Aliev AN. The search for new anticonvulsant agents based on nicotinamide. Eksp Klin Farmakol 1992;55:27-29.
28. Vescovi PP, Gerra G, Ippolito L, et al. |
Michael T. Murray
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 The first of these studies—the Deutsche nicotinamide Intervention Study—did not show much of an effect with 1.2 grams of niacinamide daily, while results from the larger study, the European nicotinamide Diabetes Intervention Trial (ENDIT), are not yet available.7
While we don't believe that niacinamide will work for all recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients or offer an effective prevention strategy on its own in most cases, it may work for some. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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| Niacin, niacinamide, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) are inter-convertible via a pyridine nucleotide cycle. NAD, the coenzyme, is hydrolyzed or split into niacinamide and adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (ADP-ribose). Niacinamide is converted into niacin, which in turn is once more built into NAD. The enzyme that splits ADP is known as poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, poly (ADP) synthetase, or poly (ADP-ribose) transferase.
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase is activated when strands of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are broken. |
| Ieraci A, Herrera DG. nicotinamide protects against ethanol-induced apop-totic neurodegeneration in the developing mouse brain. PLOS Med. 20o6;3(4):eioi.
J3 Libby AF, Stone I. The hypoascorbemia-Kwashiorkor approach to drug addiction therapy: A pilot study. Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 1977;6:300-08.
*4 The Second Chance Program. Prison-based rehabilitation. La Mesa, CA. http://www.penalrehab.org/
15 Hoffer A, Osmond H. The Hallucinogens. New York: Academic Press. 1967.
16 Prousky JE. Vitamin B-3 for nicotine addiction. J Orthomolecular Medicine 2004;19:56-57. |
Dr. Jonathan Prousky, BPHE, BSc, ND, FRSH
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| Pellagra is a disease caused by a cellular deficiency of the nicotinamide coenzymes due to inadequate dietary supply of tryptophan and vitamin B-3 (as either niacin or nicotinamide). Diarrhea, dermatitis, and
39 dementia characterize this deficiency disease. Although is it not usually fatal, death can occur when these three Ds are present.
The adult intake of vitamin B-3 necessary to prevent pellagra is around 20 mg per day. The body can manufacture approximately 1 mg of niacin equivalents from 60 mg of tryptophan obtained mostly from dietary protein sources. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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| Niacin used in supplements and as food fortification is usually in the form of nicotinamide (niacinamide), which has no flushing effect. Nicotinic acid (niacin) is also available as a supplement, but should be kept to small doses to avoid flushing. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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| Treatment of arthritis by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Can Med Ass J1959; 81:235-38.
8 Lukaczer D. Nutrition Q and A. Nutrition Science News. November 1999. http://www.newhope.com/nutritionsciencenews/NSN0backs/Nov°99/q0and0a.cfm
9 Jonas WB, Rapoza CP, Blair WF. The effect of niacinamide on osteoarthritis: A pilot study. Inflamm Res 1996;45:330-34.
10 Abraham C. Vioxx makers 'perplexed' by Dosanjh's remarks. Today's Paper Health. http://www.theglobeandmail. |
Michael Friedman, ND
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 Q, ubiquinone, flavoprotein, riboflavin, nicotinamide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and ascorbic acid/tocopherol in combination with other oxidation-reduction systems. See Figure 1.
Deficiency in these nutrients (nutritional, stress-related, etc.) may cause a disturbance in the electron transfer and may produce anaerobic conditions. If anaerobic conditions prevail, the reoxidation of NADH through the respiratory chain to oxygen is prevented. |
Bill Sardi
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| Patients with advanced cancers given 5,600 milligrams of nicotinamide experienced an increase in delivery of oxygen to tumor cells. [Cancer Research 57: 5261-64, 1997] Co-treatment using niacin and radiation therapy is more promising than radiation alone.
Vitamin B6 and cancer
The available data on the role of vitamin B6 and cancer is limited.
Vitamin B6 is a co-enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of thymidine, a component of DNA. Thymidine deficiency has been reported to increase DNA replication errors and hence increase mutations (abnormal cells). |
Dr. Steve Blake
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| Niacin.
(c) nicotinamide.
(d) All of the above.
5. Riboflavin helps reactivate this important antioxidant:
(a) Tryptophan.
(b) Cobalamin.
(c) Biotin.
(d) Glutathione.
6. Part of our niacin requirement can be met by dietary:
(a) Tryptophan.
(b) Lysine.
(c) Methionine.
(d) Leucine.
7. Niacin deficiency can cause:
(a) Blindness.
(b) Pellagra.
(c) Beriberi.
(d) Scurvy.
8. Which B vitamin makes up a large part of coenzyme A?
(a) Pantothenic acid.
(b) Tryptophan.
(c) Thiamin.
(d) Biotin.
9. Coenzyme A is an important part of:
(a) Energy production.
(b) The TCA cycle. |
| You may recall that nicotinamide is a form of niacin, vitamin B3.
Iron as an Antioxidant
Cells need protection from any accumulation of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can cause free radical damage inside cells. Certain enzymes that contain heme can catalyze reactions that neutralize the free radical hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is converted to water and oxygen, as shown in Figure 11-3. In this case, iron in heme acts as an antioxidant.
A Free Radical
Enzymes containing heme
Figure 11-3 Enzymes containing heme catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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| Yang J, Adams JD. nicotinamide and its pharmacological properties for clinical therapy. Drug Design Reviews 2004;1:43-52.
*7 Levenson CW. Zinc Supplementation: Neuroprotective or neurotoxic? Nutrition Reviews 2005;63:122-25.
18 Condorelli L. Nicotinic acid in the therapy of the cardiovascular apparatus. In: Niacin in Vascular Disorders and Hyperlipemia. Altschul R (ed.). Springfield, IL: CC Thomas, 1964. |
Lynne McTaggart
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 His Stanford colleague Michael Kohane, an expert in fruit flies, had been studying the effects of supplements of nicotinamide adenine din-ucleotide (NAD) on his fruit fly specimens. An important cofactor for enzymes, NAD helps in energy metabolism within cells by transporting hydrogen, which is essential in setting the fly's built-in timer for larval development. Energy availability also directly affects an organism's fitness. |
Steven V. Joyal
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| There are three forms of niacin available: nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and inositol hexaniacinate. Nicotinic acid can decrease triglycerides and raise HDL cholesterol, but this requires high doses (typically 1.5 to 3 g daily), which can cause flushing and liver toxicity. (As a general precaution, anyone who takes more than 2 g of niacin daily or more than 500 mg at the same time as statins should undergo periodic liver function tests.) Nicotinic acid may also worsen glycemic control. |
Gabriel Cousens
See book keywords and concepts |
| However, in the face of some of the above studies, if my child had Type-1 diabetes, I would certainly add nicotinamide to the mix because of its minimal toxicity, and the fact that it is inexpensive. A dosage of 2,000 mg a day would cost around $7.00 a month.
Dosage: The typical dosage used is 500-1,000 mg three times a day, taken with food. Those at risk for developing Type-1 diabetes, or those who have already been diagnosed, are well advised to use niacinamide. The research has shown that it is most helpful either before or in the initial phases, i.e. |
| Because of these interesting results, several pilot studies were designed to see if nicotinamide was a viable way to prevent Type-1 diabetes from manifesting, or after manifesting, to prevent the beta cells from further destruction or reduce the rate of destruction. In these studies seven participants were given 3 grams of niacinamide. After six months, five patients in the niacinamide group and two in the placebo group were not needing insulin. Their blood glucose levels and HgbAlc levels were normal. |
John Boik
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 The effects of nicotinamide supplementation on angiogenesis in humans has yet to be demonstrated. nicotinamide also decreases blood flow resistance in tumors, and subsequently, lowers the intratumor vascular pressure (Lee et al, 1992). The method by which nicotinamide produces this effect is not understood. Since high vascular pressure limits the uptake of drugs by a tumor, it may be possible, under certain conditions, to use nicotinamide to increase the efficacy of anticancer drugs.
3.4 NATURAL AGENTS THAT INHIBIT ANGIOGENESIS
A number of natural agents exhibit antiangiogenic properties. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 Vitamin B3 comes as two basic types— niacin (also called nicotinic acid) and niacinamide (also called nicotinamide). Got that straight? Don't worry about it. Doctors generally recommend inositol hexaniacinate (a form of the nicotinic acid) for individuals who need large amounts of niacin, as it has not been shown to be toxic in larger amounts. While possibly not as effective as plain niacin, it does appear to lower cholesterol.
Niacinamide, the alternative source of vitamin B3, offers no benefit in cholesterol management. |
Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D.
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 It's ironic, but in 1979, shortly after the original patent for Valium expired, research scientists for Hoffmann-LaRoche, the company that made Valium, published an article entitled 'Nicotinamide is a brain constituent with benzodiazepine-like actions' That means niacinamide—nicotinamide is the British version of the name—acts like Valium and Valium-category drugs in the brain."
"Valium is the stuff I damn near got addicted to. Could I get hooked on niacinamide?"
"No. Niacinamide is one form of vitamin b3. Without it for long enough, we'd literally drop dead. |
Gary Null and Amy McDonald
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 For the patients I work with, I give 3000 milligrams per day of either nicotinic acid or nicotinamide, which are both forms of vitamin B3."
Other nutrients include vitamin C, vitamin B6, and manganese. "I also use vitamin C at the same dose level and sometimes a lot more because vitamin C is a very good water-soluble antioxidant," Dr. Hoffer explains. "It is considered the foremost, the most active water-soluble antioxidant present in the human body. That's extremely important."
Manganese is used to protect against tardive dyskinesia. Dr. |
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