Roberta Bivins
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 Ostensibly Flexner's famous survey of American medical education supported no system, but only 'modern' medicine: 'Prior to the placing of medicine on a scientific basis, sectarianism was, of course, inevitable. Everyone started with some sort of preconceived notion, and from a logical point of view, one preconception was as good as another.... Modern medicine has as little sympathy for allopathy as for homeopathy.' However, his findings set a new standard for medical education in which basic sciences, laboratory training, and hands-on clinical education reigned supreme. |
| Periodicals, textbooks, and formal medical education had, by the end of the nineteenth century, become the essential media for the transmission of medical knowledge. Homeopaths, precisely because of their formal exclusion from these venues, were well prepared for this shift, with journals, schools, and textbooks of their own, through which to propagate succeeding generations of homeopathic practitioners.
In fact, the case of homeopathy usefully illustrates both the benefits and the disadvantages of the 'alternative' position/posture. |
Richard Bartlett
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 This man, who has no formal medical education, goes into trance and incorporates the consciousness of some long-deceased surgeon, who then takes over John's consciousness completely. John of God's personality is submerged into the subconscious background, and the entity, which obviously has finely-honed surgical skills, takes over and performs the surgeries, often with only a dull scalpel. The patients are also in a trance state, and no anesthesia or medications are used. This takes place in a small village in Brazil, and people flock there daily for treatments. |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
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| Who grants the required CME (Continuing medical education) credits for the medical profession? The ADA spends a great deal of money to gather the troops to encourage government to spend money on a cure, thus saving ADA contributions for staff activities and "educational" materials.
A quote from John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) comes to mind when considering how the ADA (and charities for other diseases) regards their clientele. "A person may cause evil to others not only by his actions but by his inactions [my emphasis]; and in either case he is justly accountable to them for the injury. |
Devra Davis
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 Much of this knowledge deserves to be central to medical education and practice. But modern cancer medicine has a collective amnesia about its own history.
Before the twentieth century, physicians and scientists had an expansive view of what it took to be able to say that anything could be considered a cause for cancer. A broad range of natural experiments, some carried out by researchers on themselves, repeatedly showed one simple thing—our health reflects the sum of our life experiences. |
Ron Garner
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 Its solution to this problem was to form the Council of medical education in 1910, through the American Medical Association. This became the body that accredited medical schools. Schools that were accredited received funds from the government, but were also required to comply with the Council's requirements. Those that did not apply for accreditation were forced to close. The Council's call for the discontinuance of all courses teaching natural healing methods and the institution of courses teaching drug therapy were the finishing strokes. |
Roberta Bivins
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| Steeped in scholasticism by his medical education, he was also stimulated by the new scientific styles and knowledge emerging around him—in particular by the new 'fluids' or substances that were regularly reported in the burgeoning scientific press: electricity, phlogiston, caloric, magnetism, and others. He claimed to have discovered a genuine natural substance, which he called 'animal magnetism'. It was a 'subtle fluid' in both the classical and the Newtonian senses—Mesmer himself likened it to gravity and aether as well as the newly discovered 'galvanic fluid', electricity. |
| In the first decades of the twentieth century, changes in medical education and in the structures of medical practice, and the rise of new therapies for the treatment of ailments like tetanus, rheumatism, neuralgia, gout, and sciatica—and perhaps most importantly, a rising sense amongst the orthodox medical profession of the power of the new scientific medicine—saw acupuncture drop out of western practice altogether. It would not return to its early nineteenth-century heights of popularity until the 1960s and 1970s. |
| Indeed, homeopaths were able to force an amendment to the 1858 Medical Act (which established a regulatory body to supervise 'regular' medical education, and the annual publication of a Medical Register of qualified practitioners), which prevented medical licensing bodies and medical schools from discriminating against 'irregulars' so long as they were medically qualified. As in the US, the British government had no stomach for restricting the free trade in medical thought—or commodities. |
Melody Petersen
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 Parke-Davis executives were pleased with the work of medical education Systems and the other ghostwriting firms it employed. As article after article was published, the drug company purchased thousands of reprints and delivered boxes of them to Franklin and the other medical liaisons. The glossy pages were handed to doctors as a testament of all Neurontin could do.
The doctors chosen to write articles about Neurontin or to speak about the drug at dinners and weekend retreats could increase their annual incomes by tens of thousands of dollars. |
Shannon Brownlee
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 The subsidies for medical education also helped drive all those new physicians toward specialization. "No one seemed to notice that patients and physicians were both attracted to more specialized care," writes Lundberg. "Instead of producing more general practitioners, the new federal dollars dramatically increased the number of specialists."
All those new specialists would be kept gainfully employed by private insurance and Medicare. |
Devra Davis
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| My involvement with the cancer society brought me into contact with a small group of active people—someone called them "benevolent plotters"7—who set out during and after World War II to revolutionize American medical education, research, and health care . . . All of them [Albert and Mary Lasker, Michael DeBakey, Alton Ochsner, and others] did not agree all of the time, but all were united in one purpose: to stimulate federal support of medical research and education.
Boosters of the search for drugs to treat cancer were nothing if not supremely confident. |
Benjamin H. Natelson, M.D.
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 Despite the fame of Engel's biopsychosocial model, and the work of many of his successors (myself included) to foster his approach, Engel's ideas still haven't reached the mainstream of medical education. Finding a physician who can take an integrative approach to treating a specific symptom you exhibit—like fatigue or chronic pain—may still be a little difficult, unless you happen to live in one of those areas of the country where this approach is more widespread. |
Russell L. Blaylock, M.D.
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 The problem is with the educational institutions which train doctors, and the AMA which influences them. medical education underwent a significant change with the discovery of various pharmaceutical drugs used to treat disease. Closely connected with this is an overwhelming faith in science and technology as a means to solve all of our problems.
With the growth of pharmaceutical giants and the development of newer drugs for a variety of previously untreatable diseases, medical education began to incorporate this new knowledge into its educational curriculum. |
Caldwell B. Esselstyn, Jr., M.D.
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 It is not an essential pillar of medical education; each generation of medical students learns about a different set of pills and procedures, but receives almost no training in disease prevention. And in practice, doctors are not rewarded for educating patients about the merits of truly healthy lifestyles.
Over the past one hundred years, the mechanical treatment of disease has increasingly dominated the medical profession in the United States. |
Shannon Brownlee
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| As of 2003, drug companies were providing more than half of the nearly two billion dollars spent on continuing medical education, gaining the industry a great deal of control over what doctors know and don't know about drugs and how to use them. By contrast, academics who are critical of a drug or device have to work harder to get their views disseminated. They don't have companies flying them around the country to tell other physicians about their concerns.
Another crucial role played by thought leaders involves the marketing of off-label, or unapproved, uses of drugs. |
Roberta Bivins
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| However, his findings set a new standard for medical education in which basic sciences, laboratory training, and hands-on clinical education reigned supreme. Few of the homeopathic medical schools (and indeed few 'regular' institutions) met this standard, or could raise the funds necessary to improve their facilities. Many went under; but the last surviving homeopathic medical school (the Hahnemann Medical College and Hospital of Pennsylvania) only finally severed its ties to the homeopathic system in the 1950s after over a century of teaching. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 A.A.M., medical education director for the Academy of Anti-Aging Research, guesses that as many as 90 percent of us are addicted. "Not to be hooked on sugar and refined carbohydrates is abnormal nowadays. You really have to try not to do it," says Dr. Lam.
Experts Troubled by Long-Term Ramifications of Sugar Addiction
More and more, medical experts are alarmed by our excessive consumption of sweets and refined carbs, a habit that, they believe, could send many to an early death. |
Melody Petersen
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| In December 1996, a marketing firm called medical education Systems, Inc., wrote to executives at Parke-Davis with a proposal. For a fee of $160,500, the marketers offered to create a dozen scientific articles about Neurontin, most of them describing what they called the drug's "emerging uses." The firm proposed articles that would describe how Neurontin could allegedly treat bipolar disorder, migraines, chronic pain, and behavioral problems. |
| The rest of the money, which amounted to about twelve thousand dollars for each manuscript, was to go to medical education Systems for the article's "development."
The firm regularly sent reports of its progress to Parke-Davis. The memos made it clear that some physicians hired as "authors" were doing little of the work. The status reports also detailed how Parke-Davis executives were reviewing and editing each manuscript before it was sent to a medical journal to be published.
"DRAFT COMPLETED. |
| That's called medical education."
The drug industry's practice of hiring local physicians to lecture their peers about prescription products was almost entirely unregulated. In 2005, a physician could make $750 to $2,000 for a thirty-minute speech, while some doctors demanded far more. Pharmaceutical reps complained in private that some physicians could not get enough of these corporate handouts. A sales rep in New Jersey told me in 2003 that a physician on his rounds was giving talks on ten different prescription products and demanding $1,500 a speech. "Doctors are corrupt," he grumbled. |
| By 2005 the drug industry and other medical companies were paying hundreds of millions of dollars to the organizers of the nation's accredited medical education courses, enough to cover between 65 percent and 80 percent of the cost. As a result, most of these events had become little more than pharmaceutical sales bazaars.
By paying for doctors' continuing education, the drug companies made sure physicians learned what was best for the corporate bottom line. |
Jacky Law
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 Without celebrity endorsement, companies must fall back on their more traditional approach to medical education.
This is how drug companies describe the process of giving something like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) the global makeover it has had in recent years. According to a leaked document from medical communications company, In Vivo, GlaxoSmithKline led a medical education programme in Australia as part of its marketing strategy for Lotronex, a drug designed to treat such a common dysfunction. |
Melody Petersen
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| Firms like IntraMed called themselves medical education companies because their public face was one of teaching physicians about medicine and new pharmaceutical products. But these companies described their work differently when they were talking to drug executives and trying to win new accounts. "Even good science needs a little magic," said one ad placed in 2002 in Med Ad News, an industry magazine, by ApotheCom, one of IntraMed's competitors.
The services offered by these ad firms were part of a side of medical science that most people did not understand. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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 Food as Medicine:
Integrating Nutrition into Clinical Practice and medical education. Sponsored by The Wallace Research Foundation and the Hilton Family Foundation. Marriott Bay Point Resort, Panama City Beach, Florida. March 2-8,2003.
18 Hoffer A: Mental Health Regained. Toronto, ON: International Schizophrenia Foundation, 2007.
PYROLURIA
Prevalence
Pyroluria appears to be a medical condition that is indicative, not of a specific illness, but rather of high levels of oxidative stress. |
Donna Jackson Nakazawa
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 The time devoted to autoimmune diseases in medical education is dismally small," she says. "I learned more about syphilis than autoimmune diseases in medical school, and in the twenty years since not much has changed for med students. The sad thing is that there is a huge number of patients out there who are completely off the radar screen of most docs."
For years, one of these patients was Kathleen Arntsen, a forty-four-year-old sales professional from Verona, New York. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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| It doesn't matter at what age you start," says Dr. Lam, medical education director at the Pasadena, California-based Academy of Anti-Aging Research, a worldwide society of health professionals dedicated to advancing antiaging medicine.
"Of course, the more damage you have to your skin, the harder it is to repair. But as long as you stop feeding it sugar, the free radicals will reduce, and the damage to collagen will reduce. The best way to build collagen is from the inside."
Sweets and much-like-sugar carbs damage skin in another way, too. |
Michael Friedman, ND
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 The curriculum is standardized and there is an accrediting body, The Council of Naturopathic medical education (CNME), which is recognized by the United States Department of Education. Graduates write international (Canada and the United States) licensing exams, which are known as the Naturopathic Physicians Licensing Exams (NPLEX). Upon passing NPLEX, they are eligible to practice in jurisdictions where naturopathic medicine is regulated.
Recently, naturopathic medicine has been given many alternative names — alternative, complementary, integrative, and holistic, to name a few. |
T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D. and Thomas M. Campbell II
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 Apparently, there aren't enough "nutrition-oriented physician role models" in medical education. A recent survey found "a shortage of nutrition-oriented physician role models is probably the major constraint in teaching nutrition to residents."121 suspect that these medical programs lack nutrition-oriented physicians simply because they do not make it a priority to hire them. Nobody knows this better than Dr. John McDou-gall.
DR. MC DOUG ALL'S CHALLENGE
Dr. John McDougall has been advocating a whole foods, plant-based approach to health longer than any practitioner I know. |
Jonathan V. Wright, M.D. and Alan R. Gaby, M.D.
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 Part of this negative attitude may reflect the influence of the pharmaceutical industry (which spends heavily on both drug advertising and the funding of educational programs) on medical education. The negative bias of some government agencies, particularly the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), against natural medicine has also likely inhibited many doctors from taking a closer look at the natural approach. |
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