by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D. See book keywords and concepts | | In the United States, soybeans are usually consumed as a meat substitute in the form of soy hot dogs, hamburgers, lunch meats, and textured J vegetable protein, and as soymilk, tofu, and soy protein. J*^>^ly
HISTORY
The soybean plant is native to China, where it has been cultivated for well over 13,000 years. The ancient Chinese considered the soybean their most important crop and a necessity for life.
Soybeans were introduced into Japan in the eighth century and, many centuries later, into other regions of Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Korea, and Vietnam. | Ben-Erik van Wyk See book keywords and concepts | It is used in health food as a meat substitute and to reduce cholesterol.
Cichorium endivia endive
Description Endive is a robust, lettuce-like, leafy herb with a rosette of green or red leaves that are simple, broad and with a slightly toothed margin, known as escarole or broadleaf endive (var. latifolium) or variously dissected and ornate, known as curly endive (var. crispum). The herb is rarely allowed to flower. The correct names for various species and forms of Cichorium are somewhat confused and should not be taken too seriously. Part of the confusion is that a variety of chicory, C. | | It is used as a meat substitute and dietary supplement for infants, invalids, nursing mothers and vegetarians. Esau - speculated to have been hypoglycaemic - may have lost his birthright in order to save his life.
Lepidium sativum garden cress • cress
Garden cress plant
Garden cress leaves
Description An erect annual of up to 0.6 m in height bearing compound (pinnate or bipinnate) leaves and minute white flowers. The fruits are small, pouch-like capsules of about 5 mm long. Seedlings are easily recognised by the deeply three-lobed seedling leaves (cotyledons). | Kaayla T. Daniel, PhD, CCN See book keywords and concepts | TEXTURED SOY PROTEIN: THE EX-TRUDER FILES
TSP is the generic term for textured vegetable protein or TVP, a product patented by Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and sold as granules, particles and chunks and used by fast-food companies and food processors as a meat substitute or extender. Vegetarians often buy it in the bulk bin section of health food stores and use it in place of ground beef in chili, spaghetti sauce, tacos, sloppy joes and other strongly spiced recipes. | | I went on a total soy kick and over the last year have eaten tofu, edamame, soy meat substitute, soy cheese, soy butter, soy sour cream, soy cream cheese, soy yogurt and, the main culprit, Silk soy milk, especially the chocolate variety. Over the last three to six months, I have had 3-6 cups of soy milk a day. After reading your website about one week ago, I have thrown out all soy products and plan to let my endocrinologist know as I am now concerned about stopping the thyroid-depressing soy products and taking Synthroid. | John A. McDougall See book keywords and concepts | The vegetarian meat substitute called seitan is made of gluten concentrate.
Lactobacilli bacteria, which are used to make sourdough bread, remove (hydrolyze) most of the gluten and make the wheat tolerable for most people with celiac disease.
The first step in confirming a clinical suspicion of celiac disease, based on the patients story, is a blood test to measure levels of immunoglobulin A antibodies (IgA), anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTGA), or IgA antiendomysium antibodies (AEA). | Neal D. Barnard and Bryanna Clark Grogan See book keywords and concepts | Whether you favor a chickpea salad, black bean chili, or a soy-based veggie burger or other meat substitute, legumes are handy, healthy ingredients.
The one thing the bean group lacks is good public relations. Its health benefits have gone largely unnoticed. Nutrition scientists, however, know that putting these healthy powerhouses front and center on your menu is a great way to drive down your weight, blood sugar, and cholesterol. | Dr. Paula Baillie-Hamilton See book keywords and concepts | Healthy meat choices include:
>¦ Lean beef or venison
>• Chicken
>- Turkey
> Vegetable-based proteins such as soy and Quorn (a high-protein, mushroom-based meat substitute)
> White fish (maximum of one fish meal every week)
> Eggs
Oils
In addition to the omega-3 supplement recommended in chapter 2, I recommend adding one of the following sources of healthy oils to your diet:
>- 1 tablespoon of unprocessed vegetable oil such as walnut oil, pumpkin seed oil, or olive oil can be used cold in salads. | Carlton Fredericks, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | | V2 slice whole-wheat bread with 1 tsp. soft margarine 1 cup weak tea, without sugar
1 cup skim milk, flavored, if desired, with vanilla or other sugar-free natural flavor 1 oz. meat or meat substitute
3 oz. meat (cooked weight) or meat substitute
1 serving vegetables
1 slice bread with 1 tsp. margarine
Green salad with cottonseed oil or mayonnaise (1 tsp.)
Dessert from approved selection
Weak tea or approved soft drink
Note: A second vegetable may be selected from the list proposed as bread substitutes. breakfast
Fruit or juice 1 egg midmorning snack lunch
MIDAFTERNOON SNACK
2 oz. | Dianne Onstad See book keywords and concepts | The thick brown paste can be used in sandwiches or as a meat substitute in cooked dishes.
Wheat berries are the whole grain, which can be cooked and eaten like rice, sprouted into wheat grass, or ground into flour. Available in either hard or soft varieties, cooked whole wheat berries provide more jaw exercise than other grains and thus are rarely eaten.
Wheat bran accounts for about 15 percent of the wheat kernel and is composed of six fibrous protective outer layers of the grain. A byproduct of white-flour production, wheat bran is relatively rich in nutrients but less so than wheat germ. | Phyllis A. Balch, CNC See book keywords and concepts | Many vegetarians enjoy the shiitake (she-TAH-key) as a meat substitute. It grows in the wild in Asian countries on a variety of trees. Though it does not grow in the wild in the United States, shiitake is widely cultivated here.
Shiitake mushrooms contain protein, free amino acids, lipids, enzymes, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, fiber, vitamin B12, vitamin B2 (riboflavin), and vitamin C. They also contain ergosterol, a provitamin that is converted into vitamin D in the presence of sunlight. | Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., D. Craig Willcox, Ph.D., Makoto Suzuki, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | Canola oil spray
2 cloves garlic, minced
11/2 cups sliced white onion
9 ounces low-fat meat substitute or
Vi cup finely chopped green bell pepper
Vi teaspoon dried oregano
1 dried bay leaf
Pinch of sea salt
Freshly ground black pepper
1 cup cooked whole-wheat macaroni
Hijiki Brown Rice
SERVES 4
Hijiki is a mineral-rich, high-fiber seaweed that looks like thin, black, needle-shaped short noodles. It contains about 20 percent protein and is very high in calcium (approximately 1400 mg /100 g dry weight). | | Soy-Sake Shiitake Mushroom Steak
SERVES 4
As we've mentioned, shiitake mushrooms are a common food in Okinawan cuisine and make a good meat substitute due to their texture and flavor. They are often sauteed (as in this recipe) or added to simmered vegetable and seaweed dishes called nitsuke. Here we combine meaty shiitake mushrooms with a soy and sake sauce. Try serving this "steak" on top of rice or on a bun with lettuce, tomato, onion, or other veggies—like a shiitake burger. | Dianne Onstad See book keywords and concepts | Yuba is a meat substitute made from the skins formed on hot soybean milk, layered and pressed into slabs or cakes. It must be soaked before use and makes an unusual addition to braised vegetables.
Tepary Bean
(Phaseolus acutifolius latifolius)
The scientific name Phaseolus was bestowed in 39 b.c. by Calumella, who observed that the seed looks like a "small boat." The specific term acutifolius means "acutely leaved" or "sharp-leaved"; latifolius means "wide-leaved." The English name tepary is of unknown origin. | Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., D. Craig Willcox, Ph.D., Makoto Suzuki, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | In fact, portobellos make a great meat substitute; they taste a lot like steak when grilled. Although they're better known for their outstanding flavor than for their medicinal properties, portobello mushrooms have been used to treat diabetes in Asia and may, in fact, act as insulin sensitizers, helping the body process sugars better. Mushrooms are low in calories, virtually fat-free, and perfect for a low-CD meal. | | Add the meat substitute and cook for 4 minutes. Add the pinto beans, the tomatoes with their liquid, and the bell pepper, oregano, bay leaf, salt, and pepper. Bring to a boil over medium-high heat. Stir in the macaroni.
Transfer the mixture to a large baking pan, top with soy cheese, and bake for 10 minutes. Remove the bay leaf before serving.
NUTRITION FACTS: 1 SERVING; Caloric Density 0.8; Calories (Kcal) 203; Protein (g) 14; Carbohydrate (g) 32; Total Fat (g) 3; Saturared Fat (g) 0.5; Monounsaturared Far (g) 0.7; Polyunsaturated Fat (g) 0.5; Dietary Fiber (g) 9. | Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews See book keywords and concepts | Tempeh has a meaty taste and is often used as a meat substitute in cooking. It can be marinated and grilled as well as added to stews and pasta sauces. High in protein, fiber, and isoflavones, it is usually found in the refrigerated dairy section of your natural food store or supermarket. Tempeh can be frozen and, once defrosted, must be refrigerated. It will keep for about ten days. Three ounces of tempeh, or about V2 cup, has approximately 16 ounces of protein.
Miso: Miso, like tempeh, is a fermented soy food. | Dianne Onstad See book keywords and concepts | With its nutty aroma and dense chewy texture, it is frequently used as a meat substitute in dishes like stir-fries or sloppy joes. Because tempeh is a whole, fermented food, it is more beneficial than tofu. Additionally, the Rhizopus mold produces a medicinal antibiotic to increase the body's resistance to infections and free it of chemical toxins. When tempeh was first introduced into America in the 1970s, it was generally produced by cottage industries, and its B12 levels often were quite high (4 meg/100 g). | Phyllis A. Balch, CNC See book keywords and concepts | It is a good meat substitute with any meal and readily takes the place of ground beef or hamburger. It can also be used as a substitute for dairy products such as cream and cheese.
Once the package is opened, tofu will keep for approximately two weeks if stored, covered with water, in a bowl or jar in the refrigerator. After you open the package, drain off the water and immediately cover the tofu with fresh water. Before using tofu in recipes like cream-cheese frosting or tofu cheesecake, always drain it and pat dry. (For more information about tofu, see Chapter 25. | Bradley J. Willcox, M.D., D. Craig Willcox, Ph.D., Makoto Suzuki, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | It's a perfect meat substitute and is great for vegetable stir-fries. This type of tofu is the richest in phytoestrogens.
Silken but Firm Tofu: This admittedly confusing category of tofu was made up by several North American tofu makers. It's smooth like regular silken tofu, but it is less fragile—more like a jelly with extra gelatin. Definitely an in-betweener, this tofu doesn't do much for us. | Glenn W. Geelhoed, M.D. and Jean Barilla, M.S. See book keywords and concepts | Tofu & Other Soybean Products
Once thought of just as a meat substitute, tofu is gaining acceptance as a warrior in the battle for longevity. A cheese-like substance made from the curd of processed soybeans, tofu is not only a low-fat meat substitute, it also helps lower cholesterol levels in the blood while supplying copious amounts of bioflavonoids, which protect against cancer. Miso, a paste made from soybeans that is eaten frequently in Japan, has been shown to reduce the stomach cancer rates in Japanese women by over 30 percent. | Dr. Michael Heinrich, Joanne Barnes, Simon Gibbons and Elizabeth M. Williamson See book keywords and concepts | The protein is used as a meat substitute and to make tofu, and is fermented into condiments such as 'soy sauce'. The bean sprouts are eaten raw in salads and used in stir-fry dishes; the flour can be made into bread and cakes. Preparations containing the isolated isoflavones are used medicinally. Epidemiological evidence suggests that a diet high in soya can reduce menopausal symptoms and prostate enlargement, although clinical trials have not yet proved these benefits. | Laurie Deutsch Mozian, M.S., R.D. See book keywords and concepts | It is widely used as a meat extender or meat substitute. Archer Daniel's Midland Company owns the right to the name of Textured Vegetable Protein or TVR It is also sold under the name soy nuggets. It is sold dried in granular and chunk style in natural food stores and through mail-order catalogs. When used as a meat substitute or extender, it is reconstituted with water and added in place of all or part of the meat used in recipes. It comes in handy for feeding the phytochemical-resistant diner. I've replaced about one-quarter of the ground turkey in recipes without anyone noticing. | Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews See book keywords and concepts | So even if you only relied on soy as a meat substitute a couple of times a week, you'd be ahead of the game.
SOY AND YOUR HEALTH
Soy has long been recognized as a highly nutritious food. Western scientists became particularly interested in soy when they noticed that people eating Asian diets enjoyed lower rates of heart disease as well as less cancer and osteoporosis, and had fewer hormonal problems than those eating a typical Western diet. While much research still has to be done, there is now broad agreement on various connections between soy and health promotion. | Glenn W. Geelhoed, M.D. and Jean Barilla, M.S. See book keywords and concepts | A cheese-like substance made from the curd of processed soybeans, tofu is not only a low-fat meat substitute, it also helps lower cholesterol levels in the blood while supplying copious amounts of bioflavonoids, which protect against cancer. Miso, a paste made from soybeans that is eaten frequently in Japan, has been shown to reduce the stomach cancer rates in Japanese women by over 30 percent. As an added benefit, soybeans have been shown to replace estrogen, an important consideration for older women going though menopause. |
The Complete Book of Alternative NutritionSelene Y. Craig, Jennifer Haigh, Sari Harrar and the Editors of PREVENTION Magazine Health Books See book keywords and concepts | | Tofu soaks up flavors from whatever it's cooked with, making it a great meat substitute in dishes such as chili, enchiladas and casseroles. It can also serve as a stand-in for cream cheese or ricotta cheese in a chocolate "cheesecake."
Depending on the brand and variety, a three-ounce piece of tofu has between 50 and 118 calories and up to 150 milligrams of calcium—the same amount as in a half-cup of milk. In general, the firmer varieties are higher in protein, fat and calcium.
There are two main types of tofu. Which you use depends on the recipe. | Prevention Magazine See book keywords and concepts | Made from soy flour, this meat substitute can replace part or all of the meat in meat loaf, burgers, and chili.
Tofu. A creamy white, soft, cheeselike food made from curdled soy milk. Tofu comes in firm and soft varieties and can be used in virtually anything from soups to desserts.
You will find soft and firm varieties of tofu at most supermarkets in the produce section. Other soy foods are available at specialty and health food stores. |
The Complete Book of Alternative NutritionSelene Y. Craig, Jennifer Haigh, Sari Harrar and the Editors of PREVENTION Magazine Health Books See book keywords and concepts | | Wheat is used in many forms in Chinese cooking, from wheat noodles to "wheat meat," or wheat gluten, which is a salty, tender meat substitute made from wheat, seaweed and soy.
Deep-Sea Vegetables
Seaweeds are a daily staple in Chinese cooking because they are rich sources of minerals, especially iron, calcium and iodine.They can be boiled or sauteed with other foods or toasted and crushed as a condiment for soups, salads and grains. They have a delicate texture, but you may have to get used to their salty, fishy taste.
Arame. This is one of the milder sea vegetables. | Laurie Deutsch Mozian, M.S., R.D. See book keywords and concepts | When used as a meat substitute or extender, it is reconstituted with water and added in place of all or part of the meat used in recipes. It comes in handy for feeding the phytochemical-resistant diner. I've replaced about one-quarter of the ground turkey in recipes without anyone noticing. Ultimately, it's great for replacing meat altogether. It's also very inexpensive and needs no refrigeration or special storage.
Spicy Pasta with Artichoke Sauce
This delicious pasta dish is one of my favorites, and it is easy to make, since it calls for many ready-prepared ingredients. | Neal Barnard, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | Easy to use and an excellent meat substitute in sauces, chili, and stews. Available in natural food stores.
Unbleached flour. White flour that has not been chemically whitened. Available in most grocery stores.
Whole wheat pastry flour. Milled from soft spring wheat, it retains the bran and germ and at the same time produces lighter-textured baked goods than regular whole wheat flour. Available in natural food stores. |
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