Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D. See book keywords and concepts | Other heart-disease risk factors (triglyceride levels and insulin sensitivity) actually improved with a low-carbohydrate diet. Some studies, however, have shown a worsening of certain cardiovascular risk factors in people using a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet for up to one year. Adverse changes included increases in blood levels of homocysteine, lipoprotein (a), and fibrinogen,33 and a decrease in blood flow to the heart.34 Individuals wishing to consume a very-low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss or for other reasons should be monitored by a doctor. | Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | Effect of a High-Protein, low-carbohydrate diet on Blood Glucose Control in People with
Type 2 Diabetes." Diabetes 53, no. 9 (2004): 2375-82.
Gaziano, Michael J., Charles H. Hennekens, Christopher J. O'Donnell, Jan L. Breslow, and Julie E. Buring. "Fasting Triglycerides, High-Density Lipoprotein, and Risk of Myocardial Infarction." Circulation 96 (1997): 2520-25.
Goodwin, Pamela J., Marguerite Ennis, Kathleen I. Pritchard, Maureen E. Trudeau, Jarley Koo, Yolanda Madarnas, Warren Hartwick, Barry Hoffman, and Nicky Hood. | | A Randomized Trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for Obesity." New England Journal of Medicine 348, no. 21 (2003): 2082-90.
French, S. "Pricing Effect on Food Choices." American Society for Nutritional Sciences: Sugar and
Fat—from Genes to Culture Symposium 133 (2003): 829S-830S. Gogoi, Pallavi. "News Analysis: The Skinny on Food in 2005—Expect a New Food Pyramid, Labeling
Changes to Reveal Artery-Clogging Ingredients, and More Fights over What Constitutes a
Healthy Diet." Business Week Online, December 29, 2004. http://www.businessweek.com/ bwdaily/dnflash/dec2004/nf20041229_0061_db016 .htm. | | A low-GI diet is the perfect compromise between a low-fat diet and an Atkins-type, very low-carbohydrate diet."
And it appears that eating fewer fast-acting carbs also can help a person to keep the weight off. Scientists believe that each of us has a "setpoint," Dr. Ludwig explains, and "when you diet, internal mechanisms work to restore your weight to that setpoint. But a low-GL diet," he theorizes, "may work better with these internal biological responses to create the greatest likelihood of long-term weight loss."
Dr. | | Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on Appetite, Blood Glucose Levels, and Insulin Resistance in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes." Annals of Internal Medicine 142, no. 6 (2005): 403-11.
Bowden, Jonny. Living the Low Carb Life. New York: Sterling, 2005.
Brehm, B. J., R. J. Seeley, S. R. Daniels, and D. A. D'Alessio. "Weight Loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women on a Low Carbohydrate Diet or a Low Fat Diet." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88, no. 4 (2003): 1617-23.
Brody, Jane E. "Schools Teach 3 C's: Candy, Cookies and Chips. | | A Randomized Trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for Obesity." New England Journal of Medicine 348, no. 21 (2003): 2082-90.
Fox News. "Janklow Convicted of All Counts in Traffic Death, December 8, 2003. http://www. foxnews.com/story/0,2933,105154,00.html. Framingham Heart Study. "The Framingham Heart Study." http://www.framingham.com/heart/index
.htm.
Franceschi, S., L. Dal Maso, L. Augustin, E. Negri, M. Parpinel, P. Boyle, D. J. Jenkins and C. La Vec-chia. "Dietary Glycemic Load and Colorectal Cancer Risk." Annals of Oncology 12, no. 2 (2001): 173-78.
Fried, S. K., and S. P. Rao. | Benjamin H. Natelson, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | Although the craze seems to be fading now, in recent years much of the United States was swept away by the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet fad. Even though cholesterol and other cardiovascular risk factors actually improve on this diet in the short term, I still have concerns about its emphasis on ingesting a lot of fat. My diet is still low on carbohydrates, but I've taken care to balance increases in fat intake with increases in protein intake. | Marshall Editions See book keywords and concepts | Follow a low-carbohydrate diet to reduce insulin levels, improve insulin resistance, and help you lose weight if needed. Starches in your diet should be mostly from whole grains, such as brown rice as opposed to white rice. Increase your consumption of omega-3 fatty acids, found in cod liver oil and oily fish such as salmon, sardines, and mackerel. Eliminate products that contain trans-fatty acids from your diet, including margarine and deep fried foods. | Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D. See book keywords and concepts | Blood tests taken during the study suggested that the low-carbohydrate diet induced a condition called mild metabolic acidosis, indicating that long-term consumption of this diet may not be entirely safe. Individuals wishing to consume a very-low-carbohydrate diet for weight loss or for other reasons should be monitored by a doctor.
Calorie restriction
Calories in the diet come from fat, carbohydrate, protein, or alcohol. | Marshall Editions See book keywords and concepts | Hirsutism has been linked to 9^\ljjf insulin resistance, so follow a low-carbohydrate diet to reduce insulin ^55^ levels, improve insulin resistance, and help you lose weight if needed.
When consuming starches, consume mostly whole grains, such as brown rice as opposed to white rice. Increase your consumption of omega-3 fats, one of the essential fatty acids. Omega-3 fats are found in cod liver oil, and in fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, and mackerel. Eliminate trans-fatty acids from your diet. | Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D. See book keywords and concepts | However, in a group of 13 obese males with high blood-insulin levels (as is often seen in diabetes), a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater weight loss and control of insulin levels, compared with that of a low-carbohydrate diet.40 Switching to either a high- or low-protein diet should be discussed with a doctor.
Diets high in fat, especially saturatedfat, worsen glucose tolerance and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes,41' 42'43'44 an effect that is not simply the result of weight gain caused by eating high-fat foods. | | Some people report an improvement in hypoglycemia episodes when eating a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. That observation appears to conflict with research showing that increasing protein intake can impair the body's ability to process sugar,11 possibly because prorein increases insulin levels12 (insulin reduces blood sugar levels). However, some doctors have seen good results with high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets, particularly among people who do not improve with a high-fiber, high-complex-carbohydrate diet. | | However, in a group of 13 obese males with high blood-insulin levels (as is often seen in diabetes), a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet resulted in greater weight loss and control of insulin levels, compared with that of a low-carbohydrate diet.40 Switching to either a high- or low-protein diet should be discussed with a doctor.
Diets high in fat, especially saturatedfat, worsen glucose tolerance and increase the risk of type 2 diabetes,41' 42'43'44 an effect that is not simply the result of weight gain caused by eating high-fat foods. | Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S. See book keywords and concepts | It's pretty hard to get a fair hearing for a low-carbohydrate diet when a good portion of the U.S. economy is based upon the very foods we were telling people to eat less of—corn, wheat, soy, and sugar, for example.
But I digress.
WANTED: A NEW MODEL FOR HEALING
The conventional medical model of disease is what scientists call a paradigm— a way of looking at illness. And that way of looking at illness and of healing is short-sighted. It's not wrong, it's just incomplete. | Michael Friedman, ND See book keywords and concepts | All subjects were randomly assigned to receive either a high carbohydrate diet (60% of calories from carbohydrate) or a low-carbohydrate diet (35% of calories from carbohydrate) for 21 days, and then crossed over to the other diet for an additional 21 days. Both diets were matched for fiber content (25g/d) and were low in saturated fatty acids. The low-carbohydrate diet was rich in monounsaturated fatty acids. Mean peripheral insulin-mediated glucose disposal was slightly higher on the diet with lower carbohydrate and higher monounsaturated fatty acid content. | Charles Barber See book keywords and concepts | Lisa's office, along with other Yale behavioral health offices, is
*A high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet used to control seizures. located up and down the corridor of the second floor. ("Behavioral health" is the latest politically correct name for the field of mental health—the thinking being that mental is too narrow a term to encompass all the realms of emotion and action and that it has connotations of "mental hospitals" and "mental illness." While the intention is no doubt noble, I find the term behavioral health also to be limited. | Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D. See book keywords and concepts | A recent 12-week controlled trial found that overweight adolescents lost more weight with a low-carbohydrate diet than with a low-fat diet.24 Very-low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets have been shown to cause rapid weight loss in very obese children in short-term preliminary and controlled trials,25,26 but the long-term safety and benefits of this type of diet are unknown. More research is needed to evaluate low-carbohydrate diets for treating childhood obesity.
Glycemic index and glycemic load describe the tendency of foods to raise blood sugar. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | Several days of a low-carbohydrate diet resulted in depleted muscle glycogen stores and reduced endurance capacity compared with a mixed diet. However, high carbohydrate intake for several days caused a "super-compensation" of muscle glycogen stores and prolonged the cycling time to exhaustion. These pioneering studies produced the "classical" 7-day model of carbohydrate loading. This model consists of a 3- to 4-day "depletion" phase of hard training and low carbohydrate intake, finishing with a 3- to 4-day "loading" phase of high carbohydrate intake and exercise taper (i.e. | Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D. See book keywords and concepts | Life Without Bread: How a low-carbohydrate diet Can Save
Your Life. New York: Keats 2000. American Beverage Association website, http://www.ameribev.org/default.asp.
American Cancer Society. "Aspartame." http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/PED_l_3X_
Aspartame.asp?sitearea=PED (accessed April 2, 2005). -. "Common Questions about Diet and Cancer." http://www.cancer.org/docroot/PED/content/
PED_3_2X_Common_Questions_About_Diet_and_Cancer.asp. American Diabetes Association. Picture of check from Equal to the American Diabetes Assocation. http://www.diabetes.org/ada/jg3.jpg.
-. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | Perhaps the weight loss achieved by the high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet, or any other diet for that matter, is simply due to voluntarily reducing the variety of food that can be consumed, and because there is little evidence that energy compensation occurs [80], energy intake is diminished. The problem, of course, is that people may not be able to withstand the reduction in food variety for very long and quickly return to their original intake and previous body weight.
VIII. | | A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. N. Engl. J. Med. 348, 2082-2090.
23. Brehm, B. J., Seeley, R. J., Daniles, S. R., and D'Alessio, D. A. (2003). A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 1617-1623.
24. Yancy, W. S., Jr., Olsen, M.K, Guyton, J. R., Bakst, R. P., and Westman, E. C. (2004). A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlimidemia: A randomized controlled trial. Ann. | | Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in free-living, overweight men and women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 89, 2717-2723.
180. Nickols-Richardson, S. M., Coleman, MD, Volpe, J. J., and Hosig, KW. (2005). Perceived hunger is lower and weight loss is greater in overweight premenopausal women consuming a low-carbohydrate/high-protein vs high-carbohydrate/ low-fat diet. J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 105, 1433-1437.
181. Samaha, F. F., Iqbal, N., Seshadri, P., et al. (2003). | | Effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on appetite, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Ann. Intern. Med. 142, 403-411.
174. Brehm, B. J., Seeley, R. J., Daniels, S. R., andD'Alessio, D. A. (2003). A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88, 1617-1623.
175. Dansinger, M. L., Gleason, J. A., Griffith, J. L., Selker, H. P., and Schaefer, E. J. (2005). | Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | Duke University physicians carefully observed several patients on a low-carbohydrate diet. They reported that "carbohydrates may be a precipitating factor for GERD symptoms and that other classic exacerbating foods such as coffee and fat may be less pertinent when a low-carbohydrate diet is followed."386 Follow-up research has produced more provocative data suggesting that a low-carb approach reduces acid splash-back into the esophagus and eases GERD symptoms for overweight patients.387
Treating Heartburn
The saying goes that when all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail. | Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey See book keywords and concepts | CD
100
CO c to 80 u_ t 60 O
40
20
Daily Fat Intake (g)
(mean and standard deviation)
I Control Diet Protein/Fat Diet
123456 123456
Subject Number Subject Number
FIGURE 22 Daily caloric and macronutrient intake of six subjects consuming a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. (Adapted from Yudkin, J., and Carey, M. (1960). The treatment of obesity by the "high-fat" diet: The inevitability of calories. Lancet 2, 939-941.) crossover design. However, similar observations were made by Skov et al. | by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D. See book keywords and concepts | | It is a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet developed by Robert Atkins, M.D., during the 1960s. In the early 1990s, Dr. Atkins brought his diet back into the nutrition spotlight with the publication of his best-selling book Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution. It is estimated that more than 20 million people worldwide have tried the Atkins diet, which emphasizes the consumption of protein and fat. Individuals following the Atkins diet are permitted to eat unlimited amounts of all meats, poultry, fish, eggs, and most cheeses. | The Editors of FC&A See book keywords and concepts | | Myth 1: A high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet is a healthy way to lose weight.
"This type of diet increases the propensity to develop kidney stones," says Dr. Chia-Ying Wang, a professor at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. "People may lose weight on this diet, but this study shows that this is not a healthy way to lose weight."
Wang should know. She and her colleagues recently finished an eight-week study that showed how a high-protein diet could increase your kidney stone risk. | Joe Graedon, M.S. and Teresa Graedon, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | In addition, Swedish researchers report that a low-carbohydrate diet improved blood sugar control and reduced the average insulin requirement in a small group of obese type 2 diabetics.211 These clinical investigators also had success reversing a 6-year decline in kidney function in one diabetic patient by changing his diet from the usual prudent low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet to a regimen with no potatoes, bread, pasta, rice, or cereal. | The Editors of FC&A See book keywords and concepts | | This high-fat, high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet also restricts calories, but lets you load up on traditional dieting outlaws like steak, pork, and eggs.
While this sounds like fun, there are some health issues to consider. Here are some common criticisms and concerns regarding high-protein diets.
• By limiting carbohydrates such as fruits, vegetables, and bread, you force your body to look elsewhere for energy. First, it uses any carbohydrates you have stored, before going after stored protein from your muscles and organs, and then, finally, stored fat. | Abram Hoffer, PhD, MD, FRCP(C) and Dr. Jonathan Prousjy, DPHE, DSC, ND, FRSH See book keywords and concepts | There are high-protein and low-carbohydrate diet books. There are diet books featuring high fiber and low fiber intake. Acid-base and blood-type diets. Vegetarian diet books and meat lovers diet books. But these diets often ignore individuality - and they ignore the presence of food allergies or toxic reactions.
The diet we recommend will be discovered by each person in a scientific way, a diet which is, therefore, individualized or tailor-made and which, once discovered, will need only minor adjustments with changing circumstances. |
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