Dr. Sharon Moalem
See book keywords and concepts |  There is also a third type of diabetes, called gestational diabetes because it occurs in pregnant women. gestational diabetes can be a temporary type of diabetes that tends to resolve itself after pregnancy. In the United States, it occurs in as much as 4 percent of pregnant women—some 100,000 expectant mothers a year. It can also lead to a condition in the newborn called macrosomia—which is a fancy term for "really chubby baby" as all the extra sugar in the mother's bloodstream makes its way across the placenta and feeds the fetus. |
Elaine Magee
See book keywords and concepts |  With type 2 diabetes, the cells become increasingly resistant to insulin, brought on in many cases by a combination of genetic predisposition, obesity, and sendentary lifestyle. gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves with the birth of the baby.
While certain ethnic groups are at increased risk for diabetes, the following factors can raise anyone's risk: family history, being obese or significantly overweight, sedentary lifestyle, being over 45, having a history of gestational diabetes, or giving birth to a 9-pound or bigger baby. |
Brenda Davis and Tom Barnard
See book keywords and concepts |  A much less common form of diabetes, gestational diabetes, is a temporary condition that occurs during pregnancy, ending with delivery of the baby. It occurs during 2 to 4 percent of all pregnancies. Although gestational diabetes ends after delivery, 50 percent of the women who had gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Their children also are at greater risk for type 2. Untreated, gestational diabetes can harm the fetus's heart and liver, and can result in serious birth defects or stillbirth if the mother's blood sugar is not controlled. |
J. Douglas Bremner
See book keywords and concepts |  A third type of diabetes, gestational diabetes, develops only during pregnancy and occurs more often among African Americans, American Indians, Hispanic Americans, and women with a family history of diabetes. Women who have had gestational diabetes also have a 20% to 50% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within five to ten years.
All forms of diabetes increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, eye disease, and kidney failure. Symptoms of elevated blood sugar include lightheadedness, confusion, weakness, and, if untreated, seizures, coma, and death. |
Michael T. Murray
See book keywords and concepts |  Vitamin Bg supplementation can be a very a safe and effective treatment for gestational diabetes (diabetes caused by pregnancy). In one study, fourteen women with gestational diabetes were given 100 mg of vitamin B6 each day for two weeks, which resulted in eliminating the diagnosis in twelve out of the fourteen women.32 magnesium ! Like chromium, magnesium is also involved in glucose metabolism. |
Elaine Magee
See book keywords and concepts | | The study group also included other people known to be at higher risk for type 2 diabetes: those over 60, women with a history of gestational diabetes, and people with a first-degree relative with type 2 diabetes.
Participants who made lifestyle changes, including 30 minutes a day of exercise (usually walking or other moderate-intensity exercise) and a low-fat diet, cut their risk of type 2 diabetes by 58 percent. For people age 60 and older, these lifestyle changes reduced the development of diabetes by a whopping 71 percent. | | While certain ethnic groups are at increased risk for diabetes, the following factors can raise anyone's risk: family history, being obese or significantly overweight, sedentary lifestyle, being over 45, having a history of gestational diabetes, or giving birth to a 9-pound or bigger baby.
FOODS THAT FIGHT DIABETES
In general, diabetes research has found that many of the basic elements of a healthy diet—whole grains, fruits and vegetables, beans and legumes, and low-fat dairy—may also have a significant impact on diabetes. |
Brenda Davis and Tom Barnard
See book keywords and concepts | | Although gestational diabetes ends after delivery, 50 percent of the women who had gestational diabetes will develop type 2 diabetes later in life. Their children also are at greater risk for type 2. Untreated, gestational diabetes can harm the fetus's heart and liver, and can result in serious birth defects or stillbirth if the mother's blood sugar is not controlled.
Type 2 diabetes is often insidious. In fact, about half of those with type 2 diabetes don't know they have it because so many of the individual symptoms could be indicative of other problems. |
J. Douglas Bremner
See book keywords and concepts | | Women who have had gestational diabetes also have a 20% to 50% chance of developing type 2 diabetes within five to ten years.
All forms of diabetes increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, eye disease, and kidney failure. Symptoms of elevated blood sugar include lightheadedness, confusion, weakness, and, if untreated, seizures, coma, and death. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that stimulates uptake of glucose or sugar, the body's food, into cells. Unregulated glucose in the blood can lead to a hospital-room emergency. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
See book keywords and concepts |  In obstetrics, gestational diabetes was almost the rule and seriously complicated pregnancies and deliveries were commonplace. In internal medicine, managing poorly controlled diabetes, premature heart disease, blindness, and end-stage kidney disease were routine. Sadly, in surgery, I became quite adept at performing amputations on so many diabetics who lost toes, feet, or legs to gangrene. |
Michael T. Murray
See book keywords and concepts | | Other types of diabetes include secondary diabetes, a form of diabetes that is secondary to certain conditions and syndromes such as pancreatic disease, hormone disturbances, and side effects of certain drugs, and gestational diabetes, a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. gestational diabetes affects about 4 percent of all pregnant women—about 135,000 cases in the United States each year. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |  Indeed, consuming too much sugar and having elevated insulin can create or aggravate conception and pregnancy problems for every woman, not just those with diabetes or gestational diabetes.
In fact, reproductive endocrinologist and gynecologist Dr. Metzger puts all her patients, whether they're trying to conceive or not, on a "white-out diet" free of white flour, white sugar, white pasta, and other much-like-sugar carbs. "Estrogen and progesterone enhance the release of insulin from the pancreas. | | That can make insulin resistance even worse, and then, you can get gestational diabetes," warns Dr. Metzger, medical advisor to the book Stay Fertile Longer by Mary Kittel.
Diabetes, for example, is associated with higher rates of miscarriage and fetal problems. But the good news is that proper blood sugar management can lower these risks. Not only can quitting white-carb foods improve the insulin profiles of infertility patients, but it also helps women with other reproductive health challenges such as endometriosis, a disease that causes an overgrowth of tissue outside the uterine lining. |
Steven V. Joyal
See book keywords and concepts |  Androgenicity of progestins in hormonal contraceptives and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2007 May; 30(5):1062-68.
Isley WL. Hepatotoxicity of thiazolidinediones. Expert Opin Drug Saf2003 Nov; 2(6):581-86.
Joshi SR. Metformin: Old wine in new bottle—evolving technology and therapy in diabetes. / Assoc Physicians India 2005 Nov; 53:963-72.
Kahn SE et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med 2006 Dec 7; 355(23):2427-43.
Kapoor D et al. |
John J. Ratey, MD
See book keywords and concepts |  One study showed that briskly walking five hours a week reduces the risk of gestational diabetes by 75 percent.
Several years ago a group of German researchers decided to test whether exercise would have any impact on the painful process of labor. They brought a stationary bicycle into the labor suite. Somehow they found fifty women who agreed to pedal for periods of twenty minutes, rate their pain levels, and have their blood tested for endorphins right up until they gave birth. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
See book keywords and concepts |  Chromium has also been shown helpful in the treatment of gestational diabetes and may even be of some help in type 1 diabetes. In one study, even 200 meg of chromium given to people with type 1 diabetes allowed them to reduce their average insulin dosage by almost one-third.
Dosing the Deficiency
Remember that we don't absorb chromium very well and we don't get a lot of it in our diet (the main source is brewer's yeast, liver, and of course, beer—not the way you'd want to get it if you struggle with blood sugar and weight issues). |
Michael T. Murray
See book keywords and concepts | | Other types of diabetes include secondary diabetes, a form of diabetes that is secondary to certain conditions and syndromes such as pancreatic disease, hormone disturbances, and side effects of certain drugs, and gestational diabetes, a form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. gestational diabetes affects about 4 percent of all pregnant women—about 135,000 cases in the United States each year. |
Gabriel Cousens
See book keywords and concepts |  Statistically associated with gestational diabetes is an increase in preeclampsia and resulting increased C-sections.
A study by Coustan and Associates showed that 6 percent were tested with irregular glucose tolerance at zero to two years post-partum; 13 percent were irregular at three to four years; 15 percent at five to six years; and 30 percent at seven to ten years post-partum.132 Other studies have documented Type-2 diabetes at three to five years post-partum in 30 to 50 percent of the women. |
Steven V. Joyal
See book keywords and concepts | | Metabolic syndrome in childhood: association with birth weight, maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics 2005 Mar; 115(3):e290-96.
Chen Jiunn-Rong. Dilatation of common carotid artery is strongly associated with cerebral ischemic stroke with or without the presence of carotid atherosclerosis. Abstracts of the International Stroke Conference 2000 32:365-d.
Chyi-Huey Bai et al. Relations between coagulation profiles, lipid profiles, and other risk factors with risk of first-ever ischemic stroke: A novel case-control study. | | There is also evidence that women of childbearing age who use contraceptives that contain synthetic progestogens may be at increased risk for gestational diabetes. A recent study showed that the risk was greater among women who took a higher-dose progestin compared with those who took a lower dose.
ANTIGLYCATION MEDICATIONS
Since glycation is a major theme of this book, we'll take a brief look at several drugs that directly target glycation. | | The ADA main Web site also offers a link to various message boards that cover such topics as diet, exercise, diabetes in children, being newly diagnosed, and gestational diabetes.
National Diabetes Education Program
The National Diabetes Education Program is federally funded and is sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Institutes of Health. Each state has its own programs, information about which you can access at www .cdc.gov/diabetes/states/index.htm. |
Gabriel Cousens
See book keywords and concepts | | We'll look at them one by one in this chapter, along with other issues of diabetes as an accelerated aging reality, genetics, diabetes in children, insulin resistance, gestational diabetes, Alzheimer's associated diabetes, and cancer associations. The personal lifestyle habits, choices, and predisposing diseases that are diabetogenic include:
?Inactivity, especially television watching
? | | Both of these may be associated with gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy). Type-2 is also associated with vitamin and mineral deficiencies. The key deficient minerals are: magnesium, chromium, vanadium, manganese, and potassium. It is associated with lack of exercise and obesity. It has become a pandemic, because people are not living in a way that brings them into balance with themselves. They are living the lifestyle of the Culture of Death and not the Culture of Life. This is why we call it a Crime Against Wisdom, an ancient Ayurvedic term that describes the situation. | | Half of women who've had gestational diabetes eventually develop Type-2.129 It is associated with the metabolic changes that take place during a normal pregnancy. To conserve sugar for the baby, mom's placenta produces hormones that naturally increase insulin resistance, thus rerouting some of the sugar to her fetus that before pregnancy would have gone to her cells. Early in pregnancy maternal estrogen and progesterone increase and promote pancreatic beta cell hyperplasia and increased insulin release. | | Women with gestational diabetes (GDM) had higher triglycerides and fatty acids, beta hydroxy butyrate, and LDL, and lower HDL cholesterol than normals. Their offspring have an increased rate of perinatal mortality and morbidity. One study showed a fourfold increase in perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by improperly managed GDM.136 Other studies have suggested an increased rate in stillbirths associated with GDM.
Maternal hyperglycemia leads to fetal hyperglycemia and fetal hyper-insulinemia with increases in fetal growth. Growth is bigger in the fatty and the liver tissues. | | Women with gestational diabetes whose diets were supplemented with 4 meg of chromium per kilogram of body weight daily as chromium picolinate for eight weeks had decreased fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, compared with those who took a placebo.166,167
Dosage: Niacin-bound chromiurn is more bioavailable than chromium picolinate. A recent study at the University of California found that chromium polynicotinate was absorbed and retained up to 311 percent better than chromium picolinate and 672 percent better than chromium chloride. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
See book keywords and concepts |  In a retrospective case control study of 472 pregnant women with GDM the relationship among unrecognized gestational diabetes and infant birth weight, delivery mode, and perinatal complications was evaluated in 297 women treated with diet, 76 treated with diet and insulin and 16 with unrecognized GDM [26]. Controlled confounding variables were maternal body mass index (BMI [kg/m2]), weight gain, age, parity, and gestational age. It was found that shoulder dystocia occurred in 19% of the unrecognized group compared with 3% in the control group (p < 0.05) and 3% in the diet group (p < 0.02). | | What is gestational diabetes? Diabetes Care 30, S105-S111.
3. Dabelea, D. (2007). The predisposition to obesity and diabetes in offspring of diabetic mothers. Diabetes Care 30, S169-S174.
4. Dabelea, D., Knowler, W. C, and Pettitt, D. J. (2000). Effect of diabetes in pregnancy on offspring: Follow-up research in the Pima Indians. J. Matern. Fetal Med. 9, 83-88.
5. Pettitt, D. J., and Knowler, W. C. (1988). Diabetes and obesity in the Pima Indians: A crossgenerational vicious cycle. J. Obes. Weight Regul. 7, 61-65.
6. Silverman, B. L., Rizzo, T., Green, O. C, Cho, N. H., Winter, R. J. |
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