Dr. Steve Blake
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 BIOFLAVONOIDS
Bioflavonoids (or just flavonoids) have been referred to as vitamin P. Bioflavonoids are not vitamins and are not essential for life. Bioflavonoids are excellent antioxidants found in many plant foods. As potent antioxidants, they protect us from arterial damage and cancer formation. Parsley and elderberry have the highest content of bioflavonoids.
COENZYME Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is not a vitamin, but plays many necessary biological roles in the body. It can be synthesized in the body and so it cannot be considered a vitamin. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Polyphenols can be classified as non-flavonoids and flavonoids. The flavonoids quercetin and catechins are the most extensively studied polyphenols relative to absorption and metabolism.
Nonflavonoids
Sources
ellagic acid
strawberries, blueberries, raspberries
coumarins
Flavonoids
Sources
anthocyanins
fruits
catechins
tea, wine
flavanones
citrus
flavones
fruits and vegetables
flavonols
fruits, vegetables, tea, wine
isoflavones
soybeans
3. How do phytonutrients protect against disease? |
Erich Grotewold
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 These studies have raised interesting questions regarding the physiological roles of flavonoids, speculated to include protecting DNA from UV and oxidative damage (Feucht et al., 2004) or controlling the transcription of genes required for growth and development such as auxin transport proteins (Grandmaison and Ibrahim, 1996; Kuras et al., 1999; Buer and Muday, 2004). However, it also begs the question of how intracellular distribution of the enzymes is controlled. |
| Glucopyranosides of kaempferol and quercetin also specifically bind DNA polymerase a in vitro (Mizushina et al, 2003); however, in vivo binding and subsequent transcriptional induction or repression has not been shown. |
| MAPK cascades in other systems (see Section 2.1).
AtPTENl is a pollen-specific protein that is required for normal pollen development (Gupta et al., 2002). AtPTENl is a homolog of the mammalian PTEN protein that regulates cell division and polarization (Perandones et al., 2004; Waite et al., 2005). AtPTENl encodes a dual phosphatase acting on both phosphopeptides and phosphoinositol in vitro. As such, MAPK pathway components and phosphatidyl inositol-3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3), which thereby inhibits AKT/PKB, may be endogenous AtPTEN substrates. AtPTENl also may regulate the MAPK pathway. |
| For example, quercetin seems to be a more effective photoprotectant than kaempferol because it is a more effective antioxidant (Ryan et al, 2001, 2002).
Another enzymatic innovation that appears to have occurred at this stage is the evolution of flavonol synthase. All orders of land plants, including bryophytes, produce flavonols, which are produced from dihydroflavonols by one or more flavonol synthase (FLS) enzymes (Figures 7.1 and 7.2). FLS is derived from the 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase gene family (Holton et al, 1993). |
Gabriel Cousens
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 Other flavonoids include naringin and hespertin; both have been found to be aldose reductase inhibitors, therefore protecting against the accumulation of sorbitol.124'125
The nutritional benefits of flavonoids include the increase of intracellular vitamin C levels, a decrease in the leakiness and breakage of small blood vessels, the prevention of easy bruising, and immune system support—all of great benefit in diabetes.126 Bilberry, grapeseed, and ginkgo are important plant sources of flavonoids. |
Erich Grotewold
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| The flavonoid-sensitive tyrosine aminopeptidase activity was associated with low-affinity binding of NPA and the purified protein involved was identified as AtAPMl (Murphy et al, 2000, 2002). AtAPMl is a dual-function aminopeptidase and trafficking protein, and both functions may be involved in regulation of auxin transport (see Sections 2.3 and 2.5).
Another flavonoid-binding activity also was observed in fractions with a high affinity for NPA. These were the plasma membrane phosphoglycoproteins (PGPs) (Murphy et al, 2002) (see Section 2.5). |
| Oxmore quercetin in the root tip than wild type (Peer et al, 2001). Auxin transport in tt4 is faster than in wild type, while transport in tti is slower (Peer et al, 2004). This is likely due to flavonoid regulation of auxin loading and efflux into the auxin transport stream at the apices. One mechanism through which flavonols may be acting is the plasma membrane P-glycoproteins (PGPs). The alglycone flavonol quercetin can bind to the first A TP-binding fold ofPGPs, which inhibits auxin efflux (Ferte et al., 1999; Geisler et al., 2005). |
Andreas Moritz
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 Besides, the common chocolate you buy in stores doesn't improve artery flexibility—it's the flavonoids in dark chocolate and raw cocoa beans that have this effect. These same flavonoids are also found in apples, grapes, broccoli, onions, berries, and dozens of other foods, some of which the subjects of the study most likely consumed besides the chocolate. Of course, the study was sponsored by a chocolate producer, Mars candy company, which was so generous to also supply the chocolates for the "study. |
Gary Null and Amy McDonald
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 I also recommend pantothenic acid, which is vitamin B5, and vitamin C, which should be taken with quercetin, the bioflavonoid. The flavonoids are very powerful oxidants and healing agents. They have antiviral properties and antiyeast properties. They are great for people with Candida, fatigue, and chronic infections. Ninety percent of the vitamin C you take is not utilized unless you take the bioflavonoids with it. I take issue on this point with Linus Pauling, whom I greatly respect. I've yet to see where vitamin C taken by itself is maximally utilized. |
Judith Wills
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 The flavonoids usually appear to be most potent in fruits or in sweet vegetables, probably because the sugars help the flavonoids to be absorbed. Providing the orange and yellow colors in citrus fruits (for example), the flavonoids are antioxidants and also help the absorption of vitamin C. The main discovery to date is that they seem to help prevent cancers, but different flavonoids have different roles.
Taxifolin and rutin are two important flavonoids in citrus fruits, including oranges and grapefruits. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 Flavonoids, grape seed extract, and Pycnogenol. Plant compounds called flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, and antho-cyanidins are all helpful in the treatment of varicose veins. All seem to help strengthen the delicate walls of the veins and capillaries. Foods richest in these substances include berries (blueberries and blackberries) as well as cherries, grapes, and tea. Add these foods to your diet and take a supplement of grape seed extract, which is rich in these compounds.
4. Vitamin C. |
Mehmet C. Oz., M.D. and Michael F. Roizen, M.D.
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 Many fruits and vegetables—specifically red grapes, cranberries, tomatoes, onions, and tomato juice-contain powerful antioxidants called flavonoids and carotenoids. Found in colorful foods, flavonoids and carotenoids are vitamin-like nonessential substances that seem to decrease inflammation by handcuffing those damaging oxygen free radicals and stimulating your body to take them out of your system through urine.
ž Garlic. While it is still being debated, we believe a clove a day can help thin your blood and lower your blood pressure. |
Judith Wills
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| Now we know better.
The flavonoids usually appear to be most potent in fruits or in sweet vegetables, probably because the sugars help the flavonoids to be absorbed. Providing the orange and yellow colors in citrus fruits (for example), the flavonoids are antioxidants and also help the absorption of vitamin C. The main discovery to date is that they seem to help prevent cancers, but different flavonoids have different roles.
Taxifolin and rutin are two important flavonoids in citrus fruits, including oranges and grapefruits. |
Dan Buettner
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 FLAVONOIDS their imperfect memories.
I realized that if I wanted to get Sardinian red wine isnt the a sense of the authentic Sardinian only place to find flavonoids. lifestyle, I needed to spend time Brightly colored fruits and with someone younger who was vegetables and dark chocolate still working and living in the tradi- also conta,n ^em- Studies tional way. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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| Those in the lowest tertile consumed 19 mg or less of flavonoids per day, whereas those in the highest tertile consumed approximately 30 mg per day or more (Hertog et al. Lancet. 1993;342:1007). Similarly, Finnish subjects with the highest quartile of flavonoid intake had a risk of mortality from heart disease that was about 27% (for women) and 33% (form men) lower than that of those in the lowest quartile (Knekt et al. British Medical Journal. 1996;312:478).
However, in other studies the protective effect of flavonoids could not be confirmed. |
Andreas Moritz
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| Plant foods contain about 4,000 flavonoids. Eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables is one of the best ways to maintain a healthy circulatory system, while alcohol is not. Although the flavonoids contained in red wine may have some beneficial effects on the blood, the alcohol that goes with it, after initially thinning the blood due the alcohol's diuretic effects, makes it thicker than it was before. If you need proof, ask a friend to apply the muscle test from chapter 1 on you while you hold a bottle of red wine or another alcoholic beverage in your hand. |
Gabriel Cousens
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| Therefore, on a live-food diet rich in antioxidants, or with supplements such as vitamin E (400-600IU), Vitamin C (2000 mg), L-argninine (2,000 mg), garlic, alpha-lipoic acid (300 mg/day), and flavonoids (there are 5,000 different flavonoids—potent antioxidants found in plant foods) all improved endothelial function and blood vessel tone. Therefore, if one is healthy and on a live-food diet high in antioxidants, and uses Extra Virgin olive oil, the vascular constricting endothelial effect of olive oil should be mitigated.
We also would suggest that people with serious ASCVD follow Dr. |
| Flavonoids include quercetin, which promotes insulin secretion and is a potent inhibitor of sorbitol accumulation. Quercetin has been found in vitro to inhibit sorbitol accumulation in human lenses,121 and has been found to slow the course of cataract formation.122'123 Other flavonoids include naringin and hespertin; both have been found to be aldose reductase inhibitors, therefore protecting against the accumulation of sorbitol. |
| The nutritional benefits of flavonoids include the increase of intracellular vitamin C levels, a decrease in the leakiness and breakage of small blood vessels, the prevention of easy bruising, and immune system support—all of great benefit in diabetes.126 Bilberry, grapeseed, and ginkgo are important plant sources of flavonoids.
Essential Fatty Acids (EFAs)
The essential fatty acids also play a very important role, which is why I am very hesitant to encourage dietary fat intake that is too low to get the benefits of EFAs.
In diabetes the essential fatty acid metabolism is impaired. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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| However, in other studies the protective effect of flavonoids could not be confirmed. For Welch men, flavonol intake did not predict a lower rate of ischemic heart disease and was weakly positively associated with ischemic heart disease mortality (Hertog et al. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1997;65:1489). For U.S. male health professionals, data did not support a strong link between intake of flavonoids and coronary heart disease (Rimm et al. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1996;125:384).
5. Are Americans Eating Enough Fruits and Vegetables? |
D. Lindsey Berkson
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 During peri- and postmenopause, when the estrogen levels are haphazard, it is hypothesized that vitamin C and flavonoids can take up the slack and help strengthen the walls of the blood vessels and decrease hot flashes.
Some flavonoids are estrogenic and bind to the estrogen receptors. flavonoids are so effective they have been used to stop spotting in women. Doctors Sarfati and J. de Brux reported endometrial capillary resistance increased dramatically, and endometrial biopsy appeared the most normal in women given the highest dose of flavonoids with hrt.
Dr. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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 Keinanen M, Comparison of methods for extraction of flavonoids from birch leaves carried out using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Agric Food Chem. 41, 11(1993): 1986-90.
Kiiskinen M, Korhonen M, Kangasjaervi J, Immunological study of the HLA class II antigen associated with birch pollen allergy. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho, 35:541-50, 1992 Apr.
Lee MW et al., Phenolic compounds of the leaves of Betula. Arch Pharmaceutical Res. 15, 3(1992): 211-14.
Olsen OT et al. |
| Total and oligomeric proanthocyanidins occur in flowers and fruits while flavonoids act in leaf extracts (Bahorun et al, 1994).
Antiviral Effects: Tested in vitro for activity against HIV-1, certain ethylacetate extracts of the fresh fruits of Crataegus sinaica boiss showed activity measured as a ratio of concentrations causing 50% cytotoxicity and 50% inhibition of virus replication (Hammouda et al,41994). Fractions showing the highest activity included EtOAc and procyanidins A2, B2, and CI while procyanidin B5 showed relatively little activity. |
| Inhibitory effects on the sodium/potassium ATPase in vitro were most pronounced with application of Crataegus pro-cyandidins, followed by Crataegus flavonoids, and least with Crataegus extracts (Ammon & Kaul, 1994). Compared to cardiac glycosides, the inhibition of sodium/potassium ATPase by Crataegus administration is minimal (Rohr & Meier, 1997). |
| Inhibition of 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-phosphodiesterase (PDE) in vitro and of the PDE III and IV in enzymes of guinea pig hearts provides evidence that phosphodiesterase inhibition underlies the myocardial action of Crataegus flavonoids (Schuessler et al, 1995). Proanthocyanidins include monomeric catechins and dimeric and oligomeric procyanidins (Rajendran et al, 1996; Bahorun et al, 1994). Oligomeric procyanidins are thought to contribute to vasodilating and positive inotropic effects of the plant (Schuessler et al, 1995). |
| Tzeng SH, Ko WC, Ko FN, Teng CM, Inhibition of platelet aggregation by some flavonoids. In: Thromobosis Res 64:91. 1991.
Vazquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B, Anti-inflammatory activity of extracts from Aloe vera gel. J Ethnopharmacol Dec;55(l):69-75. 1996
Vinson JA, Kharrat H, Andreoli L. Effect of Aloe vera preparations on the human bioavailability of vitamins C and E. Phytomedicine 12(10):760, 765. 2005.
Visuthikosol V, Chowchuen B, Sukwanarat Y et al. Effect of Aloe vera gel to healing of burn wound - a clinical and histologic study. J Med Assoc Thai; 78(8):403-408. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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 It is thought that the flavonoids reduce leukotrienes, potent vasoconstrictors, and contain prostacyclins that vasodilate and inhibit blood stickiness.
This benefit is only found in dark chocolate, however. Milk chocolate binds to the antioxidants in chocolate and makes them unavailable. It is also higher in fat content. Dark chocolate, with 70 percent cocoa or more, also known as bittersweet or semisweet chocolate, contains little or no added sugar and is made from cocoa butter, which has a neutral or even beneficial effect on cholesterol. |
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