Anne Harrington
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 To find out, Selye began to test the effects of other organ extracts on the physiological functioning of the rats. He found that extracts of kidneys and spleens produced the same effects as extracts of ovaries. Then he had a new thought: perhaps what the rats were exhibiting was not a specific response to a specific agent but a nonspecific response to the trauma of having a noxious (and probably impure) agent injected into their bodies. He began to wonder if other kinds of trauma would result in the same outcome—and experimented by making life very unpleasant for many rats. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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 FISH OIL
Studies of fish oils and fish-oil extracts in the form of pills and formulas for the prevention of heart disease have not been uniformly promising. Patients with a history of heart attack have had the best results. In the GISSI Prevenzione study, 11,000 Italian post-heart attack patients on standard medication therapy who took 850 mg of omega-3 fatty acids (present in fish oil) each day had a 45% reduction in negative cardiac-health outcomes. In another study, extracts of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids also led to a significant reduction in heart attacks in men with heart disease. |
Jack Challem
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 Ginseng. extracts of ginseng (specifically, those containing saponins) appear to modulate dopamine levels in the brain. In a study of nicotine addiction, researchers found that ginseng extracts decreased the nicotine-induced activation of dopamine. The same mechanism may apply to nondrug-related addictive behavior. Ginseng is certainly worth trying for thirty days. Follow the label directions for use because potencies vary among manufacturers.
N-acetylcysteine. NAC may help to restore normal brain levels of gluta-mate, a calming neurotransmitter that is also needed for GABA production. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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 While green tea can be consumed as a beverage, to get the weight-loss promoting benefits you will need to use green tea extracts concentrated for EGCg and other catechins at an effective dosage. A regular cup of green tea may contain anywhere from 30 to 80mg of catechins (as well as 30 to 50mg of caffeine). Green tea extracts are now commercially available that contain 70 to 99 percent catechin content without the caffeine. In order to produce real effect in weight loss, the intake of catechins must be in excess of 540mg daily. |
Richard Beliveau, Ph.D. and Denis Gingras, Ph.D.
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 The procedure we use requires preparing raw extracts of these fruits and vegetables, sterilizing the extracts obtained, and then using this material to determine their respective inhibiting activity on the growth of different tumours of human origin, as well as on angiogenesis, by using experimental models in the lab. For example, we can see that the addition of extracts of garlic, beets, and certain members of the cabbage family, such as kale, triggers the wholesale cessation of the growth of cancer cells isolated from a medulloblastoma, a very aggressive brain tumour (Figure 17). |
Jeffrey M. Smith
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 For example, protein extracts of thermally treated peanuts have been shown to bind IgE antibodies from patients' sera at up to nine-tyfold higher levels than extracts obtained from the corresponding nontreated peanuts. In addition, inhibitory ELISA experiments revealed a significant increase in the IgE binding activity of the purified major allergens Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 after thermal treatment in the presence of carbohydrates. |
Richard Beliveau, Ph.D. and Denis Gingras, Ph.D.
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| The procedure we use requires preparing raw extracts of these fruits and vegetables, sterilizing the extracts obtained, and then using this material to determine their respective inhibiting activity on the growth of different tumours of human origin, as well as on angiogenesis, by using experimental models in the lab. For example, we can see that the addition of extracts of garlic, beets, and certain members of the cabbage family, such as kale, triggers the wholesale cessation of the growth of cancer cells isolated from a medulloblastoma, a very aggressive brain tumour (Figure 17). |
Jack Challem
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| In an animal study, researchers found that ginkgo extracts boosted the activity of ten essential genes in brain cells by up to sixteen times. One of the genes influenced the hippocampus, the brain's center of learning and memory. The other nine genes affected the cerebral cortex, which controls memory, speech, logical and emotional responses, and voluntary physical movements. Another gene influenced the activity of tyrosine, the amino acid precursor to norepinephrine and dopamine. In a British study, researchers gave college students either 240 or 360 mg of ginkgo extracts or placebos. |
Herbert Ross, DC with Keri Brenner, L.Ac.
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 Tinctures usually contain more alcohol than extracts {sometimes 70% to 80% alcohol). Herbal tinctures and extracts should have the color and taste of the herbs or plants they were derived from.
Essential oils: Oils distilled from various parts of medicinal and aromatic plants. Essential oils are highly concentrated, and many aren't safe for internal use, so make sure you're well informed before using them internally, and even then, use them sparingly. |
Jack Challem
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| In a British study, researchers gave college students either 240 or 360 mg of ginkgo extracts or placebos. The students' memories and the speed of their thinking processes improved after taking ginkgo.
Researchers at Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, found that ginkgo extracts improved various thinking processes in patients with multiple sclerosis. The subjects experienced an improvement in attention, planning, and decision making. All of the patients had previously sustained cognitive impairments as part of their multiple sclerosis. |
Donna Jackson Nakazawa
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 Likewise, research institutes that have long specialized in conventional, Westernized medical care are starting to investigate whether plant extracts and herbal preparations may yield promising results for patients. The Mayo Clinic, for instance, recently announced that they are decoding—using "sophisticated data mining techniques"—ancient, historical herbal texts to help develop potential new drugs for the future. Using nontraditional, ancient medical information taken from seventeenth-century texts, they have pinpointed certain herbal extracts to be "invaluable sources of healing agents. |
Anne Harrington
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| He found that extracts of kidneys and spleens produced the same effects as extracts of ovaries. Then he had a new thought: perhaps what the rats were exhibiting was not a specific response to a specific agent but a nonspecific response to the trauma of having a noxious (and probably impure) agent injected into their bodies. He began to wonder if other kinds of trauma would result in the same outcome—and experimented by making life very unpleasant for many rats. |
Steven V. Joyal
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 Cinnamon extracts, for example, can be helpful in controlling glucose levels, as can barley extracts, which appear to work similarly to the antidiabetes drug metformin. These and many more examples of nutraceuticals that can help you influence the expression of your genes are discussed in chapter 8. |
Anne Harrington
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| He found that extracts of kidneys and spleens produced the same effects as extracts of ovaries. Then he had a new thought: perhaps what the rats were exhibiting was not a specific response to a specific agent but a nonspecific response to the trauma of having a noxious (and probably impure) agent injected into their bodies. He began to wonder if other kinds of trauma would result in the same outcome—and experimented by making life very unpleasant for many rats. |
Donna Jackson Nakazawa
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| Despite these impurities, many of these products were nevertheless labeled as "organic" or "natural" because the government does not regulate personal-care-product labeling, and a product need only contain one or two botanical extracts to acquire the "natural" or "organic" label. The FDA has reviewed the safety of only 11 percent of the 10,500 ingredients being used in personal-care products today. Which means the onus is on you to do your own screening. |
Anne Harrington
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| Collip] made various extracts of this material and, as I was the youngest member of the academic staff, I was assigned the tedious task of injecting these into female rats and looking for any kind of change produced that could not be ascribed to one of the known hormones of the ovary.17
Selye duly carried out this task over a period of some months, but when it came time to perform the autopsies on the treated rats he was disappointed to see there had been no change in their sex organs. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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 On their way home in hospital ships, they were fed the strongest vitamin preparation then available, rice bran extracts, and they rapidly began to regain their health. Those who had survived had lost up to one third of their body weight and began to replace some of this loss.
Although they appeared to become well again, they did not. A survey conducted by the federal government established that they were much sicker than Canadian soldiers who had fought in Europe, and, as a result, they were given special pensions. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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 There is great variability in research results, which may in part be due to the great variation in the potency of and the extracts of garlic used. Even the studies showing a positive effect lack long-term follow-up, standardized laboratory measurements, and adequate dietary controls. While evidence supports at least a short-term benefit, the effect is typically a small but statistically significant decrease in lipid levels. Since 1975, over 32 human studies have been published demonstrating the lipid-lowering effects of garlic. |
Dr. Edward F. Group III, DC, ND, DACBN
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| Despite the claims of many manufacturers, use of laxatives or constipation relievers containing Psyllium (or its components or extracts), or ingestion of this "natural" herbal supplement, can be a potentially fatal decision. A recent search on www.shopping.com using the keyword "psyllium" revealed over 800 products and variants containing this ingredient.
Although most Psyllium-containing products offer direct-to-consumer sales, many can be found on the shelves of your neighborhood grocery store or pharmaceutical outlet. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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| These herbs are typically administered in liquid extracts, capsules or tablets, or teas. Lomatium may cause a temporary skin rash if used in an improper dose.
CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE APPROACH
Many patients prefer to use antiviral therapy to suppress infections and to reduce recurrent episodes. The primary goals of antiviral therapy are to limit the severity of the infection and to give the patient a sense of control over the disease process. Antiviral therapy is offered to normal immunocompetent patients with either primary or nonprimary genital herpes. |
| Consider short-term trial (less than 6 months):
Black cohosh extract: standardized extract,
40-80 mg twice daily Maca: 2,000 mg per day Rhodiola: 3% rosavin, 200 mg per day
Polyglandular products: To stimulate the hypothala-mus/pituitary/ovarian feedback mechanisms, use bovine extracts of combinations of pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, and ovarian tissue. (Each woman is unique and requires an individualized approach. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 St. John's Wort were more effective than a placebo for the treatment of mild to moderately severe depression. The authors emphasized that it's not yet known whether the extracts are more effective for some types of depression than others, but that certainly looks to be the case. It's worth noting that overall, only about 10 percent of the patients in the studies had side effects with St. John's Wort (like dry mouth, allergic reactions, and some gastrointestinal upset), compared with about 35 percent of patients who reported side effects from prescription antidepressants. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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| Wild yam extracts do not contain natural progesterone unless they say that natural progesterone has been added. Also, different products contain different amounts of progesterone. The range is as little as 2 mg per ounce to more than 400 mg per ounce. The rule is user beware and be educated. These products all have their value, but not necessarily for the treatment of PMS.
In my clinical practice, I largely use the transdermal creams that contain at least 400 mg progesterone per ounce of cream. |
| There are many types and grades of ginseng and ginseng extracts that include related species. Panax ginseng, also known as Korean or Chinese ginseng, is the most widely used. A standardized extract of ginseng has been shown to improve depression and well-being in 384 postmenopausal women.79 Another randomized controlled trial found that one month of Korean red ginseng increased energy and decreased insomnia and depression.80
Historically, ginseng has been used as a "tonic for invigoration and fortification in times of fatigue and debility and for declining capacity for work and concentration. |
Erich Grotewold
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 Liquid chromatography/ultra violet/mass spectrometric and liquid chromatography/nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of crude extracts of Gentianaceae species, Phytochem Anal 8: 97-104. Wolfender, J-L., Rodriguez, S. and Hostettmann, K., 1998, Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for screening of plant constituents,
J Chromatogr A 794: 299-316. Yasuda, T., Kano, Y., Saito, K. and Ohsawa, K., 1994, Urinary and biliary metabolites of daidzin and daidzein in rats, Biol Pharm Bull 17: 1369-1374. Yang, Y. and Chien, M. |
| Enzymatic reduction of (+)dihydroflavonols to flavan-3,4-c«-diols with flower extracts from Matlhiola incana and its role in anthocyanin biosynthesis, Planta 165: 284-287. Hrazdina, G, and Wagner, G. J., 1985, Metabolic pathways as enzyme complexes: evidence for the synthesis of phenylpropanoids and flavonoids on membrane associated enzyme complexes, Arch
Biochem Biophys 237: 88-100. Hrazdina, G., and Jensen, R. A., 1992, Spatial organization of enzymes in plant metabolic pathways, Ann
Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 43: 241-267. Huang, T. S., Anzellotti, D., Dedaldechamp, F. |
| In recent years, many studies demonstrated that topical application or oral feeding of a polyphenolic fraction from tea extract or of individual catechin derivatives had anticarcinogenesis effects in animal skins and other organs (Yang and Wang, 1993). Tea extracts were found to be effective in inhibiting 4-(methylnitrosamino)-l-(3-pyridyl)-l-butanone (NNK)-induced lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice with any of three dosing schedules (Yang et al, 2002). |
| In this situation, the application of MS/MS systems is useful, enabling the identification of natural product in extracts of complex composition. genistein 7-0- |whhi*
(6'' -O-mal onyl)-glucosi |e genistein7-O '(•''-O-malony 1) -glucoside^t'-O-glucoside
|a*h]* i
_____It........
IM*M-Glc3* jj ja+h]+
Genistein 7-O-glucoside ia+h1*
2' -hydroxygemstein 7-O-glucoside
[m*h]*
I
2' -hydroxy-genistein St"*"!"* J-0-(&1 -O -malonyl)-glucq>side t.(a.hi 3..o.melhyloorobol
7-0-(6" -O -malonyl)-glucoside
Figure 2.4 Mass spectra of different isoflavonoid glycosides obtained using ESI HPLC-MS system. |
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