David Steinman See book keywords and concepts | Pimm and Clinton Jenkins, conservation, ecology, and extinction investigators from the Nicholas School of the Environment and earth sciences at Duke University, wrote that the world's three remaining tropical forests and twenty-five "hot spots" harbor "most of the world's species of plants and animals."44 Indeed, more than half the animal species in the world live in rain forests.45 Only a single square mile of Amazon rain forest is home to up to fifteen hundred species of butterfly. | E. D. Hirsch See book keywords and concepts | The earth sciences have traditionally divided their attention between detailed studies of each of the cycles and attempts to understand their interconnection. Today, we understand at least the broad outlines of each of them, but we understand less about how they are connected. The following list presents the important facts that have been learned about our planet thus far.
The entries in this section were chosen according to slightly different criteria from those used in the humanities and social sciences sections. | | Understanding long-term climate development is one of the major research fields in the earth sciences.
Intermediate between the slow, majestic changes in the continents and the daily changes in the weather is the third great cycle — the hydrologic cycle, the cycle of the earth's water, or hydrosphere. Water evaporates from the surface and returns as rain or snow. Some water is locked up in the polar ice caps, but most resides in the oceans. Perhaps the most poorly understood part of our planet, the ocean acts as a great reservoir for many natural and artificial substances. | | See also earth under "Earth Sciences.") eclipse In astronomy, the blocking out of light from one object by the intervention of another object. The most important eclipses visible from the earth are eclipses of the sun (when sunlight is blocked by the moon) and eclipses of the moon (when sunlight on its way to the moon is blocked by the earth). fa The term eclipse is also used to refer to a general decline or temporary obscurity: "After taking the title last year, the team has gone into an eclipse this season. | | See also under "Earth Sciences.")
San Antonio A city in south-central Texas. fa The location of the Alamo.
San Diego City in southern California close to the border of Mexico. fa San Diego is a cultural, educational, and medical and scientific research center; a major port and naval base; and home of the San Diego Zoo.
San Francisco A city in northern California. fa Site of the Golden Gate Bridge.
San Francisco Bay Located in northern California; entered from the Pacific Ocean through a strait called the Golden Gate. | | See also mineral under "Earth Sciences.") miscarriage A spontaneous and premature expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is capable of surviving on its own. fa Generally, a miscarriage is a failure to achieve a desired end, as in a miscarriage of justice. molars The teeth with broad surfaces at the back of the mouth that serve to grind food. Including the wisdom teeth, adults have twelve molars — six on the top and six on the bottom. | | See also under "Earth Sciences.")
Ethiopia Country in northeastern Africa bordered by the Red Sea to the northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, and Sudan to the west. Formerly called Abyssinia. Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. | James Trefil, Joseph F. Kett, and E. D. Hirsch See book keywords and concepts | See also under "Earth Sciences.")
Ethiopia Country in northeastern Africa bordered by the Red Sea to the northeast, Djibouti and Somalia to the east, Kenya to the south, and Sudan to the west. Formerly called Abyssinia. Its capital and largest city is Addis Ababa. | | See under "Earth Sciences.") miscarriage (Mis-kar-ij, mis-kar-ij) A spontaneous and premature expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is capable of surviving on its own. fa Generally, a miscarriage is a failure to achieve a desired end, as in a miscarriage of justice. molars (moh-luhrz) The teeth with broad surfaces at the back of the mouth that serve to grind food. Including the wisdom teeth, adults have twelve molars — six on the top and six on the bottom. | | They were chosen not because the majority of educated readers are expected to be familiar with them, but because most scientists would agree that they are essential to a knowledge of the earth sciences. Some of these words might be used without explanation in the New York Times, but many would not. Nevertheless, if you are familiar with these terms and the concepts they represent, you should know enough about the study of the earth, the oceans, and the weather to follow their progress as it is presented in the popular press.
-J.T. | | The earth sciences have traditionally divided their attention between detailed studies of each of the cycles and attempts to understand their interconnection. Today, we understand at least the broad outlines of each of them, but we understand less about how they are connected. The following list presents the important facts that have been learned about our planet thus far.
The entries in this section were chosen according to slightly different criteria from those used in the humanities and social sciences sections. | | Understanding long-term climate development is one of the major research fields in the earth sciences.
Intermediate between the slow, majestic changes in the continents and the daily changes in the weather is the third great cycle — the hydrologic cycle, the cycle of the earth's water, or hydrosphere. Water evaporates from the surface and returns as rain or snow. Some water is locked up in the polar ice caps, but most resides in the oceans. Perhaps the most poorly understood part of our planet, the oceans act as a great reservoir for many natural and artificial substances. | | See also under "Earth Sciences.")
San Antonio (san an-toh-nee-oh) A city in south-central Texas. fa The location of the Alamo.
San Diego (san dee-ay-goh) City in southern California close to the border of Mexico. fa San Diego is a cultural, educational, and medical and scientific research center; a major port and naval base; and home of the San Diego Zoo.
San Francisco A city in northern California. fa Site of the Golden Gate Bridge, fa A major West Coast intellectual center. |
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