Bottom Line Health
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| On the bioavailability scale, meat, poultry, fish and eggs are among the best sources of protein. Although the protein found in lunch meats, such as ham and bologna, is bioavail-able, these foods typically contain high levels of sodium and harmful fillers and preservatives known as nitrates.
Aim for 50 to 120 grams (g) of protein daily. One-half of a salmon fillet contains 42 g.. .one-half of a chicken breast contains 27 g...three ounces of top sirloin contains 25 g.
Helpful: To maximize the bioavailability of the nutrients that are found in beef, prepare it medium-rare. |
| What you must know to maximize the bioavailability of nutrients in your food...
•Iron. This mineral is critical for brain function and helps your immune system operate normally by increasing your resistance to stress and disease. Iron can help you avoid symptoms of fatigue, weakness and irritability.
Plant foods are rarely a good source of iron. For example, although spinach is a good source of magnesium, bone-building vitamin K and other important nutrients, the fiber and plant chemicals in the spinach leaf bind to iron, inhibiting the mineral's bioavailability. |
| Raw fruits and vegetables contain valuable enzymes, and cooking breaks the cell walls, thus increasing the bioavailability of many valuable nutrients.
Examples: To maximize the amount of cancer-fighting lycopene you get from tomatoes, make them into a sauce.
•Protein. On the bioavailability scale, meat, poultry, fish and eggs are among the best sources of protein. Although the protein found in lunch meats, such as ham and bologna, is bioavail-able, these foods typically contain high levels of sodium and harmful fillers and preservatives known as nitrates. |
Bill Sardi
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 However, the heating of tomato into a paste increases its concentration and bioavailability when consumed with oil. [Food Technology 53: 38-45, 1999]
There are various forms, or what are called isomers, of lycopene. The two major forms are called cis and trans.
Tomato products primarily consist of all-frans lycopene (35-96%). Cis lycopene accounts for 79-88% of the total lycopene in malignant tissues. [Journal Nutrition 134: 3486-92S, 2004] This is probably because a\\-trans lycopene has been altered into the cis form.
Dosage of lycopene
•v ! |
| But its future will likely be confined to prevention or treatment of colon and rectal cancer because of its poor absorption and bioavailability. [European Journal Cancer, August 1, 2005] It may also have potential in the treatment or prevention of prostate cancer since it was shown to be effective after oral consumption in animals. |
| Falsehoods regarding resvera-trol's lack of bioavailability must be dismissed.
Supplemental vitamin E, 50-200 IU of d-alpha tocopherol (the natural form from soy) along with ample amounts of gamma tocopherol and mixed tocotrienols are suggested.
Supplemental vitamin C is critical to maintain the collagen barrier that keeps tumor cells in place. Quercetin plus vitamin C is a widely available dietary supplement, and repeated use throughout the day (3-5 times) keeps blood levels high. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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 These foods still provide excellent mineral nutrition, despite a slight reduction in mineral bioavailability.
Sodium
Salt is made of sodium and chloride—salt is essential for life. The chemical symbol for sodium, Na, is derived from the Latin name for sodium, natrium. Most people enjoy the taste-enhancing flavor of salt. Less than 10 percent of salt intake is from the salt in unprocessed foods such as fruits and vegetables. Three-quarters of the salt most people eat is hidden in processed foods. Many processed foods have a high sodium content without tasting salty. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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 ARNICA
Anticoagulant drugs, unspecified (Coumarin component in Arnica may increase anticoagulant effect)
Antiplatelet Drugs (Increased risk of bleeding)
Low Molecular Weight Heparins (Increased risk of bleeding)
Thrombolytics (Increased risk of bleeding)
Warfarin Sodium (Additive anticoagulant effect)
ARNICA MONTANA
{See under Arnica)
ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM
(See under Wormwood)
ASPALA THUS LINEARIS
(See under Rooibos)
ASPIRIN
Cayenne
(Decreased bioavailability of aspirin) Feverfew
(Increased antithrombotic effect)
ASTEMIZOLE
Mangosteen (G. |
Bill Sardi
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| The argument over resveratrol's bioavailability is now moot.
Resveratrol for cancer prevention
What about taking resveratrol pills for cancer prevention? Dr. Nihal Ahmad and colleagues, at the University of Wisconsin Medical Science Center, write that conventional and therapeutic surgical approaches have "not been able to control the incidence of most types of cancer." Therefore, "there is an urgent need to develop approaches for the management of cancer. Non-toxic agents are one such approach. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| Using both in vitro bioassays and saliva from human volunteers to assess in vivo bioavailability of exogenous phytoestrogens and phytoprogesterones, hops was found to be one of the six highest estradiol-binding substances out of over 150 herbs and spices. The study confirmed that an ethanol extract of hops contains a significant amount of phytoestrogens with moderate estrogenic bioactivity (Zava et al, 1998). Preliminary data suggests that phytoestrogens can have a positive impact on menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis (Murkies, 1998; Kurzer & Xu, 1997). |
Dr. Steve Blake
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| In diets consisting largely of tortillas, a slight increase in zinc consumption may be recommended to offset the slight decrease in zinc bioavailability.
Zinc is needed to produce an active form of vitamin A, retinal, which is used in visual pigments. Zinc is also needed by the retinol-binding protein that transports vitamin A. Zinc deficiency can cause signs of vitamin A deficiency, even when there is sufficient vitamin A.
Severe Zinc Deficiency
Severe zinc deficiency is normally seen only in individuals with genetic disorders. |
| Certain polyphenols inhibit the bioavailability of iron. Many polyphenols such as flavonoids do not inhibit iron absorption. Only the polyphenols with gallic acid, which are often found in tannins, have been found to interfere with iron absorption. Iron absorption can be reduced by drinking beverages with tannic acid, such as wine, tea, or coffee during or within two hours of a meal. Spices such as oregano can also reduce iron absorption. Vitamin C greatly reduces the inhibiting effects of oxalates and tannins. |
| Do not affect the bioavailability of zinc.
(d) None of the above.
7. Zinc can enter the intestines from all of the following EXCEPT:
(a) Pancreatic juices.
(b) Intestinal cell secretions.
(c) Gall bile.
(d) Food intake.
8. Metallothionein:
(a) Can bind zinc for later absorption.
(b) Can bind copper.
(c) Is found in intestinal cells.
(d) All of the above.
9. The best form of supplemental zinc is:
(a) Zinc gluconate.
(b) Zinc acetate.
(c) Zinc picolinate.
(d) Zinc sulfate.
10. The upper level of intake (UL) for adults for zinc is:
(a) 5mg.
(b) 20 mg.
(c) 40 mg.
(d) 60 mg. |
| Animal products have the highest levels of zinc and also have a high bioavailability; please refer to Graph 12-1. |
David W. Grotto, RD, LDN
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 BONE DENSITY: Whey protein enhances the bioavailability (absorption) of calcium and is helpful in the prevention of osteoporosis.
IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT: Whey enhances a powerful cell protector called glutathione which neutralizes the harmful effects of free radicals.
HYPERTENSION: The whey portion of dairy products may be the beneficial part in controlling blood pressure. Studies show that low-fat dairy products are an essential part of a widely accepted optimal diet for lowering blood pressure called the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, or "DASH" diet for short. |
Dr. Steve Blake
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| Certain nutritional yeast products are fortified with chromium and have good bioavailability.
TOXICITY OF CHROMIUM
As noted above, hexavalent chromium is known to cause cancer and skin irritation. There have been no convincing reports of toxicity from the trivalent chromium in food or supplements. Therefore, the Food and Nutrition Board has not set an upper level for chromium. Several studies have shown a lack of side effects from supplementation of 1000 meg for several months. People with kidney or liver disease should be cautioned to take lower doses. |
David W. Grotto, RD, LDN
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| Manners GD at al. bioavailability of citrus limonoids in humans.} Agric Food Chem. 2003 Iul2;51(14):4156-4161.
Pattison DJ, Silman AJ, Goodson NJ, Lunt M, Bunn D, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Poulose SM, Harris ED, Patil BS. Citrus limonoids induce apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cells and have radical scavenging activity. /Nutr. 2005 Apr;135(4): 870-877.
Sun J, Chu YF, Wu X, Liu RH. Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Dec 4;50(25):7449-7454.
Limes www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov
Gharagozloo M, Ghaderi A. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| PROTEASE INHIBITORS
Garlic
(Increased metabolism of drug) Marijuana
(Reduced bioavailability of protease inhibitors) St. |
Bill Sardi
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| A 20 milligram dose of piperine (Bio-perine®, Sabinsa) can increase curcumin's bioavailability twenty-fold. [Planta Medica 64: 353-56, 1998]
Curcumin can be an irritant to the digestive tract and can increase stomach acid, which may be intolerable for some individuals.
Medi ushr<
There is little question that boosting the human immune system is an effective way of preventing and treating the recurrence of cancer. The immune system doesn't stop cancer cells from arising, but it can intercept them once they are released into the blood circulation. The question is how to do this. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| Adverse events associated with the intravenous injection include platelet disorders, purpurea, headache, diplopia, shortness of breath, injection site reactions, and muscle cramps.
The bioavailability of ALA is decreased with food.
Pregnancy: No US FDA rating is available for thioctic acid.
Nursing: Infant risk cannot be ruled out. Available evidence and/or expert consensus is inconclusive or is inadequate for determining infant risk when thioctic acid is used during breast-feeding. |
| Carbamazepine: In healthy volunteers, carbamazepine bioavailability was reduced when Psyllium was administered concomitantly (Etman, 1995). Clinical Management: If patients are treated with carbamazepine and Psyllium, their administration times of should be separated as far as possible, and plasma levels of carbamazepine should be monitored.
Lithium: Concurrent use may result in decreased plasma levels and effectiveness of lithium. Clinical Management:
Separate administration of lithium and psyllium by at least two hours to reduce the likelihood of this interaction. |
Bottom Line Health
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| For example, although spinach is a good source of magnesium, bone-building vitamin K and other important nutrients, the fiber and plant chemicals in the spinach leaf bind to iron, inhibiting the mineral's bioavailability.
Helpful: When shopping for meat, look for dark meat products, such as liver, beef or dark-meat turkey. They are the best sources of iron. Tofu and seafood (especially clams and shrimp) are also rich in iron.
•Zinc. This mineral is essential for a healthy immune system. It is highly bioavailable in red meat, though some zinc is also found in nuts (almonds and walnuts). |
C. P. Khare
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 Trikatu as a whole influenced bioavailability to a great extent. Individually, Piper longum as well as Piper nigrum were found to be almost equi-effective in enhancing the bioavailability of vasicine in rats, while piperine (suspension) in 40 mg/kg dose, when co-administered orally with vasicine, enhanced the bioavailability of the latter by more than 300 %.
Research showed that piperine increases the bioavailbility of antitubercular drugs. (CSIR, Jammu.)
Piper nigrum Linn. |
Bottom Line Health
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| Skim milk is not recommended because the bioavailability of fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin D, is diminished when you remove all the fat from milk.
Helpful- Avoid "fat-free half-and-half." This product provides no nutritional value—it is usually filled with corn syrup and other sugars to give it the creamy feel of real half-and-half.
•Selenium. The number-one source of this cancer-fighting mineral is the soil in which plants are grown. |
Erich Grotewold
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 For example, administration of 1% or 2% freshly brewed green or black tea significantly inhibited the spontaneous development of lung adenoma and rhabdomyosarcoma in A/J mice (Landau et al, 1998). The bioavailability of tea constituents is apparently a key factor determining the effectiveness of tea in inhibiting tumor formation. In this respect, the oral cavity and digestive tract, which have direct contact with orally administrated tea, may represent good targets for chemoprevention. In the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis hamster model, treatment with 0. |
| These findings are interesting, given the extremely poor bioavailability of theaflavins, and may suggest that the theaflavins are metabolized to a more-bioavailable active metabolite.
The membrane protective effects of the phenolics determined by LDH release and trypan blue exclusion assays demonstrated that epicatechin, catechin, and their mixture protect cellular membrane from (3-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity. |
| Dietary flavonoids: bioavailability, metabolic effects, and safety, Annu Rev Nutr, It: 19-34.
Salah, N, Miller, N. J., Paganga, G., Tijburg, L., Bolwell, G. P., and Rice-Evans, C, 1995, Polyphenolic flavanols as scavengers of aqueous phase radicals and as chain-breaking antioxidants, Arch Biochem Biophys, 322: 339-346.
Sastre, J., Pallardo, F. V., and Vina, J., 2000, Mitochondrial oxidative stress plays a key role in aging and apoptosis, IUBMB Life, 49: 427-435. Sazuka, M., Murakami, S., Isemura, M., Satoh, K., and Nukiwa, T. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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 Dawson state, "It is possible that the bioavailability of vitamins and minerals in the CNS, which is related to the activities of several neurotransmitters (including serotonin), could change during the luteal phase in some patients with PMS. As a result, premenstrual symptoms occur. However, these changes in vitamin and mineral levels in the CNS may not show up in the peripheral blood levels. |
| It appears DIM is preferred over I3C due to increased bioavailability and the fact that it increases the protective 2-hydroxyestrogen without increasing another harmful metabolite, the 4-hydroxyestrogens.
Diindolylmethane (DIM)
200-400 mg per day
Additional Botanicals. Traditional herbal medicine includes the use of many plants for systemic immune support. |
| Two multicenter, two-year clinical trials evaluated the efficacy and bioavailability of Ipriflavone in postmenopausal women with low bone mass.121 Women were randomly selected to receive either oral Ipriflavone (200 mg rhree times daily) or a placebo, plus 1 gram oral calcium daily. Both studies were reported in the same paper. Study A showed a bone-sparing effect of 1.6 percent in the spine, and study B, 3.5 percent in the wrist after two years. A significant difference was found between the treatment groups and the placebo groups in both studies. |
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