Roberta Bivins
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 The 'Jesuit bark'—the bark of the South American cinchona tree—offers a fine example of the new medical globalism which was emerging in its place, one in which there was much more rapid exchange and interchange between medical systems and cultures, but also much more rigid intellectual boundaries between them.
Cinchona bark (now known to be a rich source of the antimalarial drug quinine) was brought back to Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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 It started out as a chemical in the bark of willow trees to keep the insects away. Today it's a virtual drug of all trades—a blood-thinning, fever-reducing pain reliever. Taxol? The powerful anticancer drug is another tree bark derivative—in this case from the bark of the Pacific yew.
Around 60 percent—or more—of the world's population still relies directly on plants for medicine. Probably isn't such a bad idea for us to drop in every once in a while, take a look at what they're cooking, and wonder why. |
Paula Begoun and Bryan Barron
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 It contains cinnamon and cedar bark exrracts, which do nothing but irrirare already inflamed, reddened blemishes.
© Advantage Invisible Acne Patch ($9.99 for 0.07ounce) seems a convenient way to zero in on blemishes and zap them overnight with 2% salicylic acid. However, the BHA is suspended in a solution of alcohol along with irritating cedar and cinnamon bark extracts, making it a problem product for all skin types.
© Advantage Concealing Treatment Stick ($5-99 for 0.07 ounce) contains 1% salicylic acid and has a pH of 3. |
David W. Grotto, RD, LDN
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 Both come from the bark of an Asian evergreen tree. The bark is peeled off, dried, and allowed to form a roll—the common "cinnamon stick" that we know today. Though close in taste, Ceylon has a slightly richer and sweeter taste. Most of the cinnamon bought in the United States is the less expensive cassia variety.
A Serving of Food Lore...
Cinnamon has a long history. Ceylon cinnamon originated from the island of Sri Lanka. Chinese writings have documented use of cinnamon since 2700 b.c. Around 1000 b.c. |
Roberta Bivins
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| Cinchona bark (now known to be a rich source of the antimalarial drug quinine) was brought back to Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century. It was a powerful therapy against the fevers that rendered the tropical world so dangerous for Europeans; knowledge of its medical utility was, of course, derived from indigenous medical knowledge. As the product of a tropical plant, the bark reinforced the older providential belief in a merciful divinity who had ensured that the diseases of a region could be cured by that region's own natural productions. |
Bottom Line Health
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| Willow bark and Boswellia. These herbs work as well as Vioxx and Motrin. Take 240 mg of willow bark and 1,000 mg of Boswellia daily. It can take six weeks to work. For chronic arthritis, you may need to take these for up to a year to feel the full effect.
FOR RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
•Fish oil. Studies show that fish oil (one to two tablespoons a day for at least three months) can reduce inflammation and pain. Eskimo-3, available at health-food stores, and Nordic Naturals (800-662-2544, www.nordicnaturals.com) are two reputable brands. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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| The powerful anticancer drug is another tree bark derivative—in this case from the bark of the Pacific yew.
Around 60 percent—or more—of the world's population still relies directly on plants for medicine. Probably isn't such a bad idea for us to drop in every once in a while, take a look at what they're cooking, and wonder why.
CHAPTER V
OF MICROBES AND MEN or thousands of years a parasitic worm called Dracunculus me-dinensis—which means "little dragon"—has plagued humans across Africa and Asia. It causes a terrible disease. |
| The first really effective antimalarial medicine came from the bark of the cinchona tree. George Cleghorn, a Scottish army surgeon, is one of those credited with discovering the antimalarial properties of cinchona bark early in the nineteenth century, but it still took another century before French chemists isolated the specific beneficial compound—quinine—and made a medicinal tonic from it. The tonic tasted awful, though, so legend has it that British soldiers mixed their gin rations with their tonic treatments and presto, a classic was born. |
Paula Begoun and Bryan Barron
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| That's great, but the alcohol base is problematic, especially when combined with the cinnamon and cedar bark exttacts here. You would fare better with Neutrogena's BHA products.
©Advantage Daily Acne Clearing Lotion ($6.49for 1 ounce) contains 1% salicylic acid, but a pH of 4.9 greatly reduces the likelihood of exfoliation. It contains cinnamon and cedar bark exrracts, which do nothing but irrirare already inflamed, reddened blemishes.
© Advantage Invisible Acne Patch ($9.99 for 0.07ounce) seems a convenient way to zero in on blemishes and zap them overnight with 2% salicylic acid. |
Gerald E. Markle and Frances B. McCrea
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 PUBLIC HEALTH
Remember the case of Sherlock Holmes and the dog that didn't bark? In that story, Holmes solved a mystery because something—a dog which barked at a certain time each evening—did not happen as expected. Thus, what did not happen—what cannot be attributed to medicine—is a significant finding.
If not doctors and their medicine, who (or what) was responsible for the reductions in mortality? This question was considered in chapter 8. |
Mike Adams
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 These include witch hazel, oak bark and walnut bark—all of which are astringent topical ingredients. To make a soothing compress, make a tea using one teaspoon of powdered bark per cup of boiled water. Steep for 10 minutes, strain the tea and then allow it to cool before using it as a compress. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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 Echinacea/Red Root Compound
Echinacea (Echinacea spp)
Red root (Ceanothus americanus)
Baptisia root (Baptisia tinctoria)
Thuja leaf (Thuja occidental)
Stillingia root (Stillingia sylvatica)
Blue flag root (Iris versicolor)
Prickly ash bark (Xanthoxytum clava-herculus)
Add 30 drops to a small amount of warm water and take 3 times daily.
Fraxinus/Ceonothus Compound
Mountain ash bark (Fraxinus americanus) Red root (Ceanothus americanus) Life root (Senecio aureus) Mayapple root (Podophyllum peltatum) Helonias root (Chamaelirium luteum) decreased fibroid growth in vitro. |
| Extracts from grape seeds and the bark of the maritime pine tree are high in a group of flavonoids called proanthocyanidins, also called procyanidins. Mixtures of proanthocyanidin molecules are referred to as procyanidolic oligomers (PCO). These commercially prepared extracts of grape seeds and pine bark, or PCO extracts, possess potent antioxidant activity that is far stronger than even vitamin E or vitamin C. In animal studies, PCO extracts have been shown to prevent damage to the arterial lining, lower blood cholesterol levels, and shrink cholesterol deposits in the arteries. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 A fluid extract is made from the bark and the fruit of the tree, and this is what's commonly called "horse chestnut" or "horse chestnut extract" and is used for medicinal purposes.
The bark, seed, twigs, and leaves from the horse chestnut trees are used in traditional Chinese medicine. Horse chestnut extract is helpful for improving circulation, which makes it also useful for relieving leg cramps. The German Commission E, which is responsible for testing herbs and supplements, approves horse chestnut for "venous insufficiency," meaning lack of blood flow through the veins. |
Donna Jackson Nakazawa
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 After all, aspirin was originally derived from willow bark, and the anticancer chemothera-peutic agent Taxol was derived from the bark of the Pacific yew tree. Natural products can be very potent indeed, and some natural products are turning out to have a surprisingly profound effect in helping to quell an overenthusiastic autoimmune response. Supplements and vitamins that are currently being studied in autoimmune disease research include:
ANTIOXIDANTS. In the normal process of metabolism, cells produce unstable oxygen molecules. These unstable molecules—known as free radicals—damage cells. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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| The powerful anticancer drug is another tree bark derivative—in this case from the bark of the Pacific yew.
Around 60 percent—or more—of the world's population still relies directly on plants for medicine. Probably isn't such a bad idea for us to drop in every once in a while, take a look at what they're cooking, and wonder why.
CHAPTER V
OF MICROBES AND MEN or thousands of years a parasitic worm called Dracunculus me-dinensis—which means "little dragon"—has plagued humans across Africa and Asia. It causes a terrible disease. |
Gary Null and Amy McDonald
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 The leaves don't have the power. The bark doesn't have the power. The root is potent, the bark and the leaves are not. And it's best in a plant extract form, as Chris Kilham says, because kava lactones should be standardized, and that way you get a pure amount each time. It's been used for thousands of years and it can create a very calm, smooth, and even sense of well-being.
Dr. Ray Sahelian, a board-certified family practice physician who has written a number of books on natural health, tells us that there are several supplements and herbs that can reduce anxiety and stress. |
Roberta Bivins
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| Thus, the bark was exported at great volume and sold for substantial profits in Europe as a general febrifuge (though quinine is only effective against malaria), and entered into the standard medical repertoire at home and abroad. As the eighteenth century progressed, however, European mercantilism—with its emphasis on creating (or commandeering) markets that could be controlled by a single nation-state—deepened into the beginnings of imperialism. |
Hyla Cass, M.D.
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 Willow bark, the predecessor of modern aspirin, was also used medicinally in the ancient Middle East.
All over the planet, wherever humans lived, knowledge about healing plants has been passed down from generation to generation and from healer to apprentice, with that knowledge being continually refined.
7
THE ADVENT OF MODERN PHARMACEUTICALS
Many ancient plant medicines have been chemically altered in drug company laboratories in hopes of creating something that has a targeted, specific action when taken as a drug. |
Paul D. Blanc, M.D.
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 Small amounts may be exuded under normal conditions, but following injury to the bark of a tree (for example, by an attacking insect), resin flow increases dramatically.
The sticky, viscous tesin excreted by an injured ttee plugs the damaged area and hardens as it dries, trapping along with it any pests that didn't get out of the way (fossilized tree resin is familiar to us as amber). One obvious challenge to trees making such a substance is how to prevent the viscous and watet-insoluble resin from clogging up the very mechanisms needed to make and excrete it. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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| Scutellaria barbata, commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for its purported antitumor properties, was shown to inhibit the proliferation of uterine smooth muscle cells and act as an aromatase inhibitor contributing to
Scalzo's Protocol
Scudder's Alterative
CorydaLis tubers (Dicentra canadensis) Black alder bark (Alnus serrulata) Mayapple root (Podophyllum peltatum) Figwort flowering herb (Scrophularia nodosa) Yellow dock root (Rumex crispus)
Add 30-40 drops to a small amount of warm water and take 3 times daily. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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 The branches are thick, usually crooked, and the bark is also brown. Young shoots are glabrous, later pubescent. The branchlets are canelike, erect, and pentangular. The leaves are small, short-petioled, with 3 obovate to lanceolate, pointed leaflets that are 1 to 2 cm long and 1.5 to 9 mm wide. The leaflets, particularly on the undersurface, are silky pubescent. After flowering, sessile and entire leaves form on the upper shoot.
Habitat: The herb is found in Europe, northern Africa, Canary Islands, North America, Chile, South Africa, and Japan. |
Earl L. Mindell, RPh, PhD with Virginia Hopkins, MA
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| Traditionally, a tea of the inner bark was used (a small handful of bark to a cup of tea) to treat headaches. A bath, wash, or poultice was used to treat aches and pains in the joints. You can find white willow bark in capsule or tincture form at your health food store.
Nearly 2,000 years ago, the Roman doctor Dioscorides, one of the first to write a medical textbook, recommended the herb feverfew {Chrysanthemum parthenium) for headaches. Feverfew is still the most effective treatment known for migraines. It is the only medicine that will help migraine headaches without side effects. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 We use Goji berry or the lyceum bark fruit. We use frankincense and myrrh. Those are also Chinese herbs.
Mike: What kinds of things do your customers tell you that they are experiencing when they start to use your products?
Ashley: A few people yesterday were saying that it was a miracle how soft their skin became after using our Goji sugar scrub. We used it on the hands, the face. It has a high antioxidant level, and it is made with apricot kernel oil as well. Everything really moisturizes and nourishes the skin, leaving it silky smooth. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Some of the trees, for example, have green bark and almost no leaves in order to reduce water loss. Small weeds have incredibly strong tap roots that thrust deep underground to find every last drop of moisture, and succulents have developed water storage techniques that capture water in an internal matrix of unique long-chain polysaccharides.
After a rain in the desert, you can actually watch the succulents swell to 130% their usual size as they take in water. During periods of drought, they slowly shrink back to normal as the excess water locked in their gel matrix is consumed. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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| Peruvian bark (Cinchona spp.) Pleurisy root (Aesclepius tuberosa) Poke root (Phytolacca americana) Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) Rue (Ruta graveolens) Sage* (Salvia officinalis) Sarsaparilla (Smilax officinale) Senna (Cassia senna) Shepherd's purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) Stillingia (Stillingia sylvatica) Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) Thuja (Thuja occidentalis) Wormwood (Artemesia absinthinum) Yarrow (Achillea millefolium)
*Small amounts of nutmeg and sage used in cooking are OK. |
Win Wenger, Ph.D. and Richard Poe
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 It has that kind of close-knit bark, almost blond bark in color. The tree must be four feet thick. The ground all around has a thick cushion of pine needles. I see it continuing under other pines farther away, getting darker as it leads deeper into the forest. Behind me is a stream, just a really little stream, just a few inches across, and I can see that the ground under the pine needles is a light clay."
At this point, the child will be fascinated by your seemingly magical ability to "dream" while awake. That's when you ask, "When you close your eyes, what do you see? |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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| The native peoples of North America, as well as the English and Pilgrims, were well aware of the healing properties of the leaves and bark as an astringent, nervine (an herb that affects the nerves and includes relaxants, tonics, and even stimulants), and sedative. It was often used for stomach and liver complaints, coughs, and female reproductive problems. Even the roots were eaten as a vegetable. The seeds were recommended as a coffee substitute in wartime and have a strong flavor similar to poppy seed oil. The therapeutic value of the seed oil is a more recent discovery. |
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