David R. Montgomery
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 Beginning with spain, the thickly settled and most continuously cultivated parts of western Europe most aggressively colonized the New World. Before the Romans, the Phoenicians and Greeks had settled Spain's eastern coast, but Iberian agriculture remained primitive until aggressive Roman cultivation. The Moors introduced intensive irrigation to spain a few centuries after the fall of Rome. More than five hundred years of Moorish agriculture further degraded Spanish soils. |
John J. Ratey, MD
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 The turning point, however, happened in spain that summer on a trip with his girlfriend. Walking around shirtless on the beach with all the "Spanish dudes," he was inspired to do something about his Buddha belly. "I just started to run," he says. "And I started feeling great. Part of that, I'm sure, is that I was on vacation in spain. Everything was great in my life, and I was going to this college that wasn't that hard, so I'm like, Maybe I can just do this! I went to college that fall and I never struggled for a second. |
David R. Montgomery
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| The Moors introduced intensive irrigation to spain a few centuries after the fall of Rome. More than five hundred years of Moorish agriculture further degraded Spanish soils. By the fifteenth century, the fertile soils of the New World looked good to anyone working Spain's eroded and exhausted soil. Within a few generations, Spanish and Portuguese farmers replaced gold-seeking conquistadors as the primary emigrants to Central and South America. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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 Other Names: Pellitory of spain, Pyrethre, Pyrethrum, Roman Pellitory, Spanish Camomile
ACTION AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Alkamides: including deca-2,4-dien acid-isobutylamide, ana-cycline, dehydroanacycline
Lignane: including sesamine
Inulin (fructosan)
Tannins
EFFECTS
Application to the skin stimulates the nerve ends, resulting in redness and irritation (hot, burning sensation).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Pellitory is used for rheumatic conditions, the external treatment of toothache, as a tonic to aid digestion and as an insecticide. |
Bill Sardi
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 Cancer Causes Control 12: 895-902, 2001]
In one study conducted in spain, the consumption of 8 or 20 grams of alcohol per day increase the relative risk for breast cancer by 50% and 70% respectively. [Cancer Causes Control 4: 345-53, 1993]
Environmental carcinogens
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in France lists risk factors for breast cancer as: reproductive life, hormonal factors, diet, genetics (BRCA1, BRCA2) and exposure to radiation and selected chemicals. Yet researchers concede that much breast cancer remains unexplained. |
| Journal Urology 155: 653-54, 1996]
Even in bladder cancer, which has a low survival factor, four of 20 cases examined disappeared spontaneously without treatment according to a study conducted in spain. [Ch Espana Urology 43: 643-45, 1990]
From 1900 to 1976, reviewers have recorded 176 cases of spontaneous, unexplainable remissions from cancer in the medical literature. [National Cancer Institute Monograph 44: 5-9, 1976]
There may be more spontaneous remissions from cancer than reported. One physician reported four such cases in his office practice alone. |
David Wolfe
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 SPAIN
Communi dad de Alimentacion Cruda Internacional "Finca Cruda" Revista NaturalezaCruda Arroyo del Viejo-Alpujata 29110 Monda
Malaga, Costa del Sol, spain 952 119929, 619 78 85 70 Contact: Balta baltacrudo@yahoo.es
RESOURCES
Bulk Organic Raw Foods, Raw Superfoods, Exotic Raw Foods, Raw-Food Recipe Books, Raw and Exotic Books, Juicers, Blenders, Dehydrators, Special Supplements and much more!
Nature's First Law Inc.
PO Box 900202 San Diego, CA 92190 USA
888-729-3663 International: +001-619-596-7979 Fax: 619-596-7997 nature@rawfood.com www.rawfood. |
Erich Grotewold
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 Toledo, spain, eds. M. Muzquiz, G.D. Hill, C. Cuadado, M.M. Pedrosa, C. Burbano, Wageningen Academic Publisher, 11-28.
Stobiecki, M., Ollechnowicz-Stepien, W., Rzadkowska-Bodalska, H., Cisowski, W. and Budko, E., 1988, Identification of flavonoid glycosides isolated from plants by Fast Atom Bombardment mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Biomed Environm Mass Spectrom 15: 589-594.
Stobiecki, M. and Wojtaszek, P., 1990, Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for identification of isoflavonoids in lupin root extracts, J Chromatogr 508: 391-398. Stobiecki, M. |
Jeffrey M. Smith
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 In April 2004, the European Food Safety Authority declared that ampicillin resistant marker genes "should be restricted to field trials and not be present in genetically modified plants placed on the market." spain promptly banned Bt-176 corn, which was growing there.48 In March 2005, the US government revealed that an unapproved corn variety with ampicillin resistant genes (Bt-10) was accidentally mixed into the food chain by its producer Syngenta. The US government, which has not banned ampicillin resistant markers, insists that Bt-10 is safe. |
Devra Davis
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 The title of our program, "Women, Enlist,This IsYourWar,"may sound a little grim in these days when newspapers and newsreels are filled with stories and pictures of the tragic conflicts in spain and China. These are wars in which women are indeed playing a part, mostly as victims. But our war is of a very different kind. It is a war to save a human life, a war for health and happiness. We are not using bayonets or tanks or machine guns: our weapons are leaflets and lectures. We are fighting with facts and our military objectives are the putting to rout of fear and ignorance. |
Bottom Line Health
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| THE STUDY
For the new study, researchers in spain randomly selected 300 patients ages 18 to 80 who were undergoing elective colorectal surgery in
14 Spanish hospitals. Each patient received either 80% oxygen or 30% oxygen during the procedure and for six hours after.
Almost one-quarter (24.4%) of the patients receiving 30% oxygen developed surgical site infections, compared with only 14.9% of those receiving the purer mix. The 80% mixture resulted in an absolute risk reduction of 6%, according to the study authors. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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| Habitat: The plant is common in spain, Italy and southern Europe. It is widely cultivated in the U.S.
Production: Broom Corn seeds are the seeds of Sorghum vulgare.
Other Names: Darri, Durri, Guinea Corn, Sorghum
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cyanogenic glycosides: dhurrin (in the fruits, in contrast with the foliage [250-700 mg/100 gm] only in very low concentrations: 0.005-5 mg/100 gm)
Starch (70%) Proteins (10%) Fatty oil (3%)
Vitamins of the B group: thiamin (Bl), riboflavine (B2)
EFFECTS
Broom Corn is a demulcent that is soothing to the alimentary tract. |
| In spain, it is used to treat colds and illnesses accompanied by fever.
Externally, it is used as a wash for dermatosis, and to rinse wounds and ulcers; to alleviate cancer of the tongue.
Efficacy of the drug has not been sufficiently documented.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Carline Thistle is used both internally and externally. |
Amarjit S. Basra
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 Collection beyond the level of self-supply is hardly known among the majority of states within the EU—except in France, spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece, where collection of medicinal plants is under state control.27 On the other hand, in some eastern European countries, the total production of drugs is based on wild growing plants, e.g., in Albania, Bulgaria, and Turkey. In spain, 102 of 195 items are of wild origin; in France not more than 3 of 59; in Bulgaria, around 85 percent of the total production is collected. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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| Spain and southern France in the west and the Balkans to northern Greece and Asia minor in the east. It is otherwise extensively cultivated.
Production: Boxwood leaves are the leaves of Buxus sempervirens.
Other Names: Dudgeon, Bush Tree
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Steroid alkaloids
EFFECTS
No information available.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Formerly used as a blood purifier and in the treatment of rheumatic conditions.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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 This time his goal was to find a strait which might lead westwards to that part of Asia already reached and exploited by Spain's principal competitor, Portugal.
Few ships that ever sailed the seven seas could have looked more ungainly than the three-masted caravels used by the Spaniards and the Portuguese on their astonishing voyages of exploration. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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| It is still taken as an infusion in spain, Belgium and the Canary Islands to treat bronchitis, coughs and whooping cough, and also for painful and excessive menstruation. Efficacy has not been proven.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is taken internally as a tea prepared from the ground or powdered drug.
Daily Dosage: The standard single dose is 1.5 g of the drug to 1 cup of liquid per dose.
Storage: Protect from light. |
David R. Montgomery
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| By the time the Vandals crossed from spain into Africa and took Carthage in ad 439, the Roman presence was so feeble that fewer than fifteen thousand men conquered all of North Africa. After the Roman capitulation, overgrazing by herds of nomadic sheep prevented rebuilding the soil.
Today we hardly think of North Africa as the granary of the ancient world. Yet North African grain had relieved the Greek famine in 330 bc, and Rome conquered Carthage in part to secure its fields. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| Habtiat: The plant is indigenous to the Balkan states, the Commonwealth of Independent States, spain, Portugal, and England.
Production: Pontian rhododendron herb is the dried leafy branches of Rhododendron ponticum. actions and pharmacology
COMPOUNDS
Diterpenes of the andromedan type: grayanotoxin I (andro-medotoxin, acetylandromedol, asebotoxin, rhodotoxin, 0.001 to 0. |
Mark Schapiro
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 We are not imposing our standards on America," commented Camilo-Barcia Garcia, a veteran of the European Commission who negotiated entry into the Union by several countries, including his native spain. Most recently, he served as the Spanish consul in San Francisco. "But if American companies want to be active in the European market, they must take account of European rules. We are making foreign companies respect our standards when they are in Europe."9 This diplomatic language is new to the transatlantic relationship, though its inversion has certainly been true for decades. |
| Not to be pejorative here, but we wouldn't really pay much attention to what spain was doing. Having the EU as a single bloc with regulator}' authority is a new thing for us."37 The chemical industry would soon have the support of that other major lobbying player in town, the U.S. Mission to the European Union.
While Americans watched the buildup of military forces preparing for the invasion of Iraq, the administration declared war on REACH. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld's immortal words denouncing the irrelevance of "old Europe" to U.S. |
| A BBC poll conducted at the end of 2006 in eighteen emerged and emerging powers like spain, Argentina, South Africa, and Malaysia, found that just 29 percent thought U.S. influence had a "positive effect," down from 40 percent in 2004.2
The European Union is consolidating its influence just as U.S. influence ebbs. |
David R. Montgomery
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| The Roman Senate annexed Cyrenaica, the North African coast between Carthage and Egypt, in 75 bc, a year when war in spain and a failed harvest in Gaul meant that the northern provinces could barely feed themselves, let alone the capital. With hungry rioters in Rome, it is likely that the Senate annexed Cyrenaica for its ability to produce grain.
Evidence for extensive ancient soil erosion in the region challenges the idea that a shifting climate caused the post-Roman abandonment of irrigated agriculture in North Africa. |
| By the fifteenth century, the fertile soils of the New World looked good to anyone working Spain's eroded and exhausted soil. Within a few generations, Spanish and Portuguese farmers replaced gold-seeking conquistadors as the primary emigrants to Central and South America.
By contrast, it took more than a century after Columbus for northern European farmers to begin heading west for religious and political freedom—and tillable land. English and French peasants were still clearing and improving land in theif own countries. German peasants were busy plowing up newly acquired church land. |
| Traveling from Morocco north to spain, and then back east across North Africa to Jordan, Vita-Finzi found evidence for two periods of extensive hill-slope erosion and valley bottom sedimentation in river valleys around the Mediterranean. Deposits he called the Older Fill recorded erosion during late glacial times. Convinced that what he at first thought to be a Libyan curiosity was instead part of a broader pattern, Vita-Finzi attributed the younger valley fill to lower stream discharge caused by increasing aridity at the beginning of the late Roman era. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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| Habitat: The plant extends from spain, Italy, and the Balkans across central Europe to central Russia.
Not To Be Confused With: Confusions occur through the addition of other Carlina species.
Other Names: Stemless Carlina Root, Dwarf Carline, Ground Thistle, Southernwood Root
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil Inulin (fructosan) Tannins
EFFECTS
The ethereal oil hinders the growth of Staphylococcus aureus up to a dilution of 1:2 X 105.
Carline Thistle has mild diuretic, spasmolytic, and diaphoretic effects. |
Mark Lynas
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 The number of days when the mercury climbs over 30°C is expected to increase by five to six weeks in inland spain, southern France, Turkey, northern Africa and the Balkans. The number of'tropical nights', when temperatures don't cool off past 20°C, will increase by a month, and the entire region can expect an additional four weeks of summer. A doubling of what the study calls 'extremely hot days' is also projected, whilst land areas around the Mediterranean can expect three to five additional weeks of 'heatwaves' (defined as days with temperatures over 35°C). |
Dr. Edward F. Group III, DC, ND, DACBN
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| Portugal and spain require that workers receive 30 days of vacation annually while Austria, Finland, Sweden, and France each mandate 25 days. However, no amount of vacation time is legally mandated in the United States, so vacation is just an arbitrary period left entirely up to the individual employers! No wonder we're having so many stress-related problems— there's no time for our bodies to regenerate! Basically, physical stress leads to psychological or emotional stress which further compounds the strain on the body and organs such as the colon. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| The main sources are spain, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, and Bulgaria.
Not to be Confused With: The leaves are sometimes confused with the leaves of other Ericaceae, such as Buxus sempervirens. |
| Spain and southern France in the west and the Balkans to northern Greece and Asia Minor in the east. It is otherwise extensively cultivated.
Production: Boxwood leaves are the leaves of Buxus sempervirens. They are collected from the wild.
Other Names: Dudgeon, Bush Tree actions and pharmacology
COMPOUNDS
Steroid alkaloids: including cyclobuxine-D, cyclobuxine-B, cycloprotobuxine-A, cycloprotobu
EFFECTS
The cycloprotobuxine in the drug was shown to have a cytotoxic effect in vitro as well as an inhibitory effect on the growth of mycobacterium tuberculosis. |
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