Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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 It is not known for sure whether its range as wild cacao extended to southern Mesoamerica (the pre-Columbian culture area comprising southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and parts of El Salvador and Honduras), and was independently domesticated there, or whether it was anciently taken as an already domesticated fruit plant from south america to Central America and Mexico, with subsequent discovery of the chocolate process by Mesoamericans.5
There are important differences between Mesoamerican cacao trees and those of south america. |
Tom Bohager
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 Two examples of such users are the South American Indians and the ancient Israelires. In south america, for example, papaya leaf was used to support digestion and promote healing. Papaya is the source of an enzyme known as papain; it is still widely used today for these same purposes. Moreover, the Bible (2 Kings 20:7) recommends the use of figs for boils to the Israelire nation. The fig contains an enzyme, ficin, which is still used today in some skin gels and dietary supplements. |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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| There are important differences between Mesoamerican cacao trees and those of south america. In general, Mesoamerican trees are distinguished by long, pointed, warty, soft, and deeply ridged pods which contain seeds with white cotyledons; while the South American ones have hard, round, melon-like pods, and the seeds have purplish cotyledons. These two subspecies are known as the criollo and forastero varieties respectively. They retain their capacity to interbreed and give fertile hybrids, which they will not do with any other species of Theobroma. |
James Howard Kunstler
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 I have not mentioned south america so far in this chapter, for the simple reason that I think it will remain off on the geopolitical margins into the Long Emergency. This does not mean it will be a safer and happier place than the rest of the world. South American countries will have to contend with exactly the same problems of energy scarcity, falling food production, and all the rest. Given the already high level of violent anarchy in many regions of south america, we can expect at least a continuation of armed conflict and disorder. |
Lynne Mctaggart
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 In one study, Schmidt worked with two participants, an aggressive, extroverted North American woman and a reserved male researcher in parapsychology from south america. In preliminary tests, the North American woman had scored consistently more heads than tails, while the South American man had scored the reverse ?more tails than heads ?
even though hed been trying tor a greater number or heads. During a larger test of more than 100 runs apiece, both kept to the same scoring tendencies - the woman got more heads, the man more tails. |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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 Range and Appearance
Guarana is a shrubby climbing vine native to south america, mostly northern Brazil and Venezuela, that can reach up to 20 feet in length. The leaves are finely divided and compound. The yellow flowers grow in clusters, as do the small, pear-shaped, red fruits, each of which contains three capsules. As the fruit ripens, it opens to reveal a black seed that resembles an eye. Guarana thrives in hot, damp environments, such as are found in rain forests.
GUGGULU
Botanical Name
Commiphora africana, C. tvightii (syn. C. |
Charles Barber
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 In The Secret of the Unicorn, and its sequel, Red Rackhams Treasure, Tintin and his friend Captain Haddock undertake a massive and perilous journey to south america to find buried treasure. It turns out that the treasure all along had been in the basement of Marlinspike, their home in France. They just didn't know it was there.
Postscript Emotional Rescue
If anyone was ever genetically loaded for suicidal behavior, it was Walker Percy, who so wisely predicted the ascendance of Corporate Psychiatry and the Prozac-in-the-water phenomenon. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 You may also wish to learn about the sweet herbal supplement stevia, which millions of people throughout south america and Asia have used as a sweetener for years. Worst-case scenario, add small amounts of maple syrup or raw, washed, organic cane sugar in crystalline form, but please do so only if you do not have medical reasons such as hypoglycemia to avoid them. And please note that many people are just too sensitive to consume any sweeteners at all.
Finally, before you add sugar or a sugar substitute, ask yourself, "Why do I 'need' this? |
| Stevia rebaudiana bertoni is the leaf from a shrub in the chrysanthemum family that's grown and cultivated in parts of south america and Asia, where it's sold as a tabletop sweetener and flavor enhancer. Proponents maintain that "stevioside"—the extract of stevia leaves that becomes a granulated white powder or pale yellow liquid—is about 150 to 300 times sweeter than sugar, has zero calories, and doesn't raise blood sugar levels.
But, in the United States, although "it can impart a sweet taste to foods, it cannot be sold as a sweetener because the FDA considers it an unapproved food additive. |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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| Range and Appearance
There are about twenty species of licorice native to Eurasia, Australia, and North and south america. These perennial herbs or small shrubs have alternate, oddly pinnate leaves. Many of the species have sticky hairs. The small whitish, yellow, or purplish pealike flowers grow in spikes or racemes from the leaf axils. Licorice is often found in the wild in grassy areas with salty, alkaline soil. It prefers full sun to partial shade, moderate amounts of water, and well-drained or sandy soil. It fixes nitrogen and can be cultivated and turned into the soil to enrich it. |
| Also Known As
English: garabato, garbato casha, hawk's claw, paraguayo, rangaya, samento, tambor huasca, toron, una de gavilan, ungangui
Spanish: una de gato ("cat's claw")
Parts Used
Inner bark, bark, root, stem, hook, leaf Physiological Effects
Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antioxidant, antirheumatic, antitumor, antiviral, depurative, diuretic, hypotensive, immune stimulant, vermifuge
Medicinal Uses
Cat's claw has been used by native peoples of south america for at least two thousand years. |
| Range and Appearance
The cacao tree, native to Central and south america, grows to 15 to 20 feet in height in the wild, though when under cultivation it is kept shorter. The large leaves are oblong to oval in shape, simple, alternate, and leathery, with a sharp point and entire margins. The small, white to pink flowers grow in clusters of ten to twenty-five. The podlike fruit is produced all year long but takes five to six months to ripen. It is a thick-skinned oval capsule that is yellow, green, or red in color. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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 Habitat: Europe, northern Africa, parts of Asia, North and south america.
Production: Wormwood consists of the fresh or dried upper shoots and leaves, the fresh or dried basal leaves, or a mixture of the aerial plant parts from Artemisia absinthium, harvested during flowering season.
Not To Be Confused With: The drug will at times contain additions of Artemisiae herba. |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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| Range and Appearance
This tree is native to tropical regions of the West Indies and Central and south america. It grows up to 40 feet in height, and its branches bears corymbs of white flowers. The inferior ovary of the flower produces a green berry, which is harvested in July or August and dried in the sun, whereupon it becomes reddish brown.
ALOE
Botanical Name
Aloe ferox, A. vera (syn. A. barbadensis) Family
Liliaceae (Lily Family) Etymology
The name aloe derives from the Arabic alloeh,
"shiny" or "bitter," in reference to the aloe gel. The species name vera means "true" in Latin. |
James Howard Kunstler
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| Given the already high level of violent anarchy in many regions of south america, we can expect at least a continuation of armed conflict and disorder. South American nations will not, however, be in much of a position to project their power into the Eastern Hemisphere. Mexico, Colombia, and Venezuela may find themselves combatants in their own oil wars, though they are all well past peak.
Australia and New Zealand may fall victim to desperate Chinese adventuring, or to anarchy emanating from Southeast Asia. Or perhaps they will be left alone. |
Bill Sardi
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 His immigrant parents came to America a couple of decades ago from south america, where health care was substandard. And he is thankful his employer pays for his physical exams. Preventive exams are encouraged by his employer.
So when the doctor performed a gloved examination of his rectum and feels a growth there, it was time for urgent action. Manny, age 55, followed the doctor's instructions completely. He was immediately scheduled for deeper examination, and visual observation of his colon and rectum with insertable scopes. A test for blood in his stool is also performed. |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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| Balsams poplars can be found in forests around the world, including North America, south america, India, Africa, and Siberia.
BAPTISIA
Botanical Name
Baptisia alba, B. tinctoria
Family
Fabaceae (Pea Family)
Etymology
The genus name, Baptisia, comes from the Greek baptein, "to dye." The species name, tinctoria, also refers to dyeing, deriving from the Latin word for the process, tinctura. The common name indigo is derived from the Latin indicum, "from India. |
David W. Grotto, RD, LDN
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 Finally, Blue and Purple, originally from south america, have a nutty flavor and flesh that ranges from dark blue or lavender to white.
A Serving of Food Lore...
Inca Indians in Peru were the first to cultivate potatoes, around 200 b.c. In 1536, Spanish conquistadors brought them back to Europe and it was Sir Walter Raleigh who introduced them to Ireland in 1589. However, Europeans first considered potatoes "evil" due to their similarities to the potentially poisonous nightshade family (mandrake and belladonna are members). |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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| It is also found in western Asia as far as eastern India as well as northern and southern Africa and south america. It is both cultivated and grows wild in North America, Mexico and Argentina. |
Andreas Moritz
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 Research in south america on Lapacho has shown it to help reduce counter-reactions to antibiotics and to allow other medicines to work more effectively by reducing the danger of toxic effects on the liver.
Lapacho can be used safely along with other medicines and even minimize their side effects. I personally have recommended it to thousands of people, with very good results, especially for infections. Many medical doctors and dental surgeons now routinely prescribe Lapacho to their patients for infection instead of giving them antibiotics. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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| Habitat: south america.
Other Names: Tonquin Bean
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Coumarin (1-3% to 10%) Fatty oil
EFFECTS
Tonic and aromatic.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Whooping cough (no longer used).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The therapeutic administration of drugs containing coumarin can lead to slight liver damage (elevated liver enzyme values in the blood) in a very small number of patients, that is, however, reversible following discontinuance of the drug. |
Amarjit S. Basra
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 This was especially the case in south america and south Asia. Europeans were able to penetrate the continents easily through the rivers and came into contact with local populations. Therefore as early as 1600, possibly even earlier, colonial doctors used such plants as the snakeroot—Rauwolfia serpentina or Strychnos nux-vomica from India, Ipecacuanha or Cinchona from South America—and incorporated them into the old European pharmacopoeias. |
David R. Montgomery
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 After south america split off from Africa, the resulting escarpment swept inland eating into the ancient uplands from the side. Standing on the cliff at the edge of the plateau—a small remnant of the original land surface—I admired the wake of new rolling lowlands that fell away toward the Atlantic Ocean.
The Carajas Plateau is made up of banded iron—almost pure iron ore deposited by an anoxic sea long before Earth's oxygen-rich atmosphere evolved. |
| Although tradition places agriculture in the Middle East long before any parallel activity in Asia and the Americas, recent research suggests that people in south america, Mexico, and China may have domesticated plants long before the first signs of settled villages in these regions. Sediments in a cave called Diaotonghuan along China's Yangtze Rivet tell a story similar to that of Abu Hureyra in which wild rice was domesticated around the time of the Younger Dryas. |
| Within a few generations, Spanish and Portuguese farmers replaced gold-seeking conquistadors as the primary emigrants to Central and south america.
By contrast, it took more than a century after Columbus for northern European farmers to begin heading west for religious and political freedom—and tillable land. English and French peasants were still clearing and improving land in theif own countries. German peasants were busy plowing up newly acquired church land. Germany did not even begin to establish overseas colonies until the 1850s. |
| Commercial monocultures also displaced subsistence farmers into marginal lands across Asia, Africa, and south america. In the new global economy, former political colonies continued to serve the interests of wealthier nations—only now trading soil for cash. But this is not all that new: the United States was in the same position before its own revolution. six
Westward Hoe
Since the achievement of our independence, he is the greatest Patriot, who stops the most gullies. |
| Why had the Irish become so dependent on a single crop, particularly one introduced from south america only a century before?
At first glance the answer appears to support Mai thus. Between 1500 and 1846 the Irish population increased tenfold to eight and a half million. As the population grew, the average land holding dwindled to about 0.2 hectares (half an acre), enough to feed a family only by growing potatoes. By 1840 half the population ate little besides potatoes. |
Marshall Editions
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 Take 500 mg of potency wood, which has been historically used in south america to increase sexual vigor, three times a day. Also take 500 mg of pucture vine, which may increase testosterone levels and is a folk remedy for improving libido and erectile function, three times daily. Damiana, a traditional remedy for increasing libido and potency, can be taken at 400 mg three times a day, and yohimbe, which increases blood flow to the penis during an erection, can be taken at 10 mg three times a day under a doctor's supervision. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 Fruit Runners-Up
Bitter Melon
Bitter melon is actually not a melon, but a cucumber-shaped summer squash grown in tropical areas such as Africa, Asia, and south america. It's also known as balsam pear. By either name, it's a great source of fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, folate, magnesium, potassium, zinc, and manganese. But its real claim to fame is its ability to lower blood sugar.
Historically, bitter melon has been used to treat a whole assortment of conditions ranging from common infections to diabetes. |
| The more modern version started as a wild squash in south america, spread throughout the Americas, and was brought back to Europe by old Christopher Columbus himself. Now it's produced around the world.
Summer and Winter Squash Go Head to Head
Like most vegetables, summer squash is high in the heart-healthy mineral potassium. One cup of cooked summer squash gives you more than three times the amount of potassium in the typical potassium supplement. |
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