James Dowd and Diane Stafford
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 If your stomach is functioning normally and producing acid that's not blocked by medications, much of the bacteria in your food is killed before it can enter the small intestine.
Limiting the growth of bacteria in the small intestine are gallbladder bile acids, pancreatic enzymes, and rapid transit. The movement of food from your mouth to your anus takes two to three days, but only four to six hours of this time are spent between the mouth and the entrance to the colon. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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 Ezetimibe (Zetia) is a drug that blocks absorption of LDL cholesterol by the small intestine, thus lowering LDL cholesterol levels in the blood. Zetia acts on cells lining the small intestine to interfere with their uptake of cholesterol by a mechanism that is not completely understood. Side effects of Zetia include fever, headache, muscle pain, runny nose, and sore throat. More rarely it can cause hives and liver damage. Zetia is sometimes used on its own by people who cannot tolerate the side effects of statins, which are reviewed in the following section. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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 GLP-1, L-CELLS, AND PGX
An emerging mechanism further explaining the effects of PGX on satiety and blood sugar control involves a hormone secreted in the small intestine and colon known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). This important hormone is secreted by L-cells in the small intestine and colon in response to food intake. |
Pam Montgomery
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 The organ that is paired with the heart is the small intestine, which is the "official of transformation of matter" or the separator of the pure from the impure. This is the official that helps you discriminate between what is beneficial and what is toxic, not only physically but also mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. Because we live in an increasingly toxic world that pollutes our bodies, hearts, and minds, we are faced with mental confusion, emotional dysfunction, and depression. The small intestine then works overtime to sort out what feeds and nourishes us and what doesn't. |
James Dowd and Diane Stafford
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| If you are allergic and you continue to eat gluten, your small intestine stays inflamed.
The chronic D deficiency that results from poor absorption due to the inflammation in the small intestine may then predispose you to autoimmune diseases among the many other problems associated with D deficiency. Many people with celiac disease also have deficiencies of potassium, magnesium, iron, and vitamins A, K, and B. If you have recurrent canker sores or irritable bowel syndrome and other bowel symptoms, see a doctor for an evaluation. |
Benjamin H. Natelson, M.D.
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 If these tests are positive, your doctor will send you to a gas-troenterologist who will want to visualize and biopsy your small intestine. To do this, he or she will pass a scope, a half inch in diameter, through your mouth and your stomach, and into your small intestine. Usually this procedure is done under sedation.
One food sensitivity—lactose intolerance—is known to produce symptoms identical to IBS. In this disorder, your bowel lacks enough of the chemicals that break down the sugar lactose, which is found in milk products. A test will allow your doctor to diagnose this insufficiency. |
Tom Bohager
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 The most alkaline part of the digestive system, meanwhile, is the small intestine, which averages 8 on the pH scale. The problem with putting something so alkaline in your gut is that it neutralizes stomach acid. The stomach averages between 2 and 3 on the pH scale. When stomach acid is neutralized, the body will work overtime trying to maintain the naturally acid environment of the stomach. This mechanism creates a demand to constantly produce more acid, which is obviously counterproductive when the goal is to become more alkaline. |
Hyla Cass, M.D.
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 It reduces a substance called intrinsic factor in the stomach, which is needed for good absorption of B12 by the small intestine. A study published in the Archives of Internal Medicine in 2006 showed that diabetics on metformin had average B12 levels that were less than half of those of people who weren't taking any medication. The longer the drug had been used and the higher the dose, the greater the drop in B12. Metformin may also deplete the body of the antioxidant and cardiovascular protector coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10). |
| If you end up with fish burps, use enteric-coated capsules that dissolve only when they are past the stomach, in the small intestine.
Vitamin D
Studies show that low levels of the "sunshine vitamin" correlate with increased symptoms of arthritis. People with joint and muscle pain often get some relief with vitamin D supplementation. This nutrient is essential, too, in the prevention of osteoporosis.
Dose: Take 1,000 international units (IU) a day, or more if blood tests show a serious deficiency. |
| This paves the way for further digestion in the small intestine, where nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. More nutrients are absorbed and produced in the large intestine. All of these actions require specific nutrients, and are supported or handicapped by the food choices you make.
Without the proper enzymes and a well-functioning intestinal wall, you may be eating a diet fit for a king, but you'll be malnourished. Your body will become fertile ground for the development of disease. |
Neal D. Barnard and Bryanna Clark Grogan
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 The first part of the intestine simply lies unused, while the lower portion of the small intestine is attached directly to the tiny stomach pouch. In this way, the patient cannot eat much food, and there is much less intestine available to absorb the nutrients from whatever food is eaten.
After the procedure, the patients were essentially starving. They could eat very little food at any given meal, and any fats they ate were poorly absorbed because the first part of the small intestine, which is where fats are absorbed, was no longer connected to the stomach. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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 Effect on the muscular system: A homeopathic mother tincture, separated from the ethanol and by using water, reduced to half its original volume, caused an increase in amplitudes at isolated sections in the small intestine of a rabbit. High concentrations resulted in a temporary tonus increase in guinea pig and rat intestines.
Antipyretic effect: Aqueous tinctures have a clear anti-febrile effect on a feverish rabbit.
Antibiotic effect
Stimulation of intestinal peristalsis
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BERBERIDIS FRUCTUS
Decoction or alcoholic extract for lung, spleen and liver diseases. |
Tom Bohager
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| Once through the small intestine (which is approximately twenty-three feet in length), the food finally enters the large intestine. This organ is basically responsible for absorbing water and electrolytes. Much of this process is the body reabsorbing what it has provided in the way of gastric juices. The large intestine is also home to a number (possibly hundreds) of different kinds of bacteria that live off of some of the foods (primarily fibrous foods) that have made it this far without being digested. |
Peter h. Fraser and Harry Massey
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 Peter says that although Energetic Integrator 3 is named for its link to the small intestine, it might be more accurate to call it the Spine Energetic Integrator because so many aspects of the spinal muscles are linked to it. Also, because Integrator 3 bioenergetically regulates calcium metabolism in general, it is strongly linked to all of your bones, not just those of your spine. Hence, Integrator 3 is implicated bioenergetically in such conditions as osteoporosis. |
Tom Bohager
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| So, if an enzyme producr contains a protease that has an optimal pH of 3, it will work well at digesting protein in the acid environment of the stomach, but may not work at all in the alkaline environment of the small intestine or the blood.
3. The third consideration is the number of enzymes used per category. Protease, lipase, amylase, and cellulase are acrually categories of enzymes. Not all proteases can digest all proteins, nor can all lipases digest all fats. So the more proteases in a protease blend, the more protein it will be able to break down. |
Peter h. Fraser and Harry Massey
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| If you are familiar with TCM, you know that the small intestine meridian travels up to the neck and shoulder blades. Peter confirmed this pathway in Energetic Integrator 3 through his matching experiments. So, correcting this Integrator may affect the bioenergetic causes of complaints such as adhesive capsulitis, the medical name for what is commonly called frozen shoulder, a condition of inflamed connective tissue in the shoulder that causes severe pain and greatly reduced motion. |
| Energetic Terrain 7
Energetic Terrain 7 has a wide bioenergetic reach, encompassing the encephalon of the brain, the central nervous system, pituitary gland, thyroid, pancreas, small intestine, and liver. The Flaviviridae viral family bioenergetically links to this Terrain, which means it may be implicated in CFS. It is a particularly difficult Terrain to correct, so it may take time, and your immune system may have to be bolstered by first using other NES Infoceuticals. |
James F. Balch, M.D. and Mark Stengler, N.D.
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 As food enters the small intestine, hormonal and nervous system activity causes the gallbladder to contract and sends bile through the common bile duct into the beginning portion of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. |
| Crohn's disease can affect the small intestine alone (35 percent), the large intestine alone (20 percent), or both—the last portion of the small intestine and the large intestine (45 percent). There may be just one ulceration or several, and they may skip areas of the digestive tract. When these ulcerations heal, they can leave behind scar tissi.e that narrows a portion of the gastrointestinal passageway.
As its sufferers know, symptoms of Crohn's disease can be exceedingly unpleasant. |
Ron Garner
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 Pancreatic juice is carried to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct, which joins with the common bile duct. The pancreas also manufactures insulin, which passes directly into the bloodstream from the pancreas. Insulin is responsible for helping the body regulate the use of sugar and other carbohydrates.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Lymph
Lymph is blood plasma that has left the blood stream to carry nutrients to cells of the body, and to carry wastes from the cells back to the blood stream via lymph vessels for removal from the body.
Figure 3. |
Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D.
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| It suppresses the CNS, reduces blood pressure, and impedes movement of the small intestine.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Formerly, it was used in hyper-kinetic conditions. Today, it is occasionally used to treat melancholia, pathological neuroses, and mild forms of depression, as well as for severe nerve damage, trembling limbs, and emotional disturbances.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Poisonings among humans have not yet been observed. |
Elaine Magee
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 In the body, they go to work during digestion, displacing dietary cholesterol in the cells lining the small intestine (where cholesterol is normally absorbed). The less dietary cholesterol absorbed through the intestines, the less cholesterol enters the bloodstream.
According to a recent scientific review, a diet enriched with plant sterols can, on average, reduce LDL cholesterol by approximately 10 percent. So how much is enough? The review also revealed that the favorable effect on LDL appears to be at its greatest at a dose of 2 grams a day. |
Dr. Edward F. Group III, DC, ND, DACBN
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| The symptoms are similar to those seen in patients suffering from Crohn's disease, but Ulcerative Colitis does not affect the small intestine, mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The main difference between the two conditions is the depth of inflammation in the intestinal wall.
In Crohn's, all layers of the digestive tissue are susceptible; but with Colitis, only the surface of the intestinal lining is affected. Colitis completely destroys portions of the lining and leaves behind Fi9-Vll: ulcerative Colitis viewed during Colonoscopy open sores or ulcers. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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| Five grams of PGX will hold about one liter of water as it passes through the stomach and small intestine. Since most people's stomachs holds about two liters of water, a 5-gram serving of PGX prior to your meal will allow you to cut your portion sizes easily in half and still have the sensation of feeling full.
Eating out is a particular challenge for those who want to lose weight, but even eating out can add to your success if you practice careful portion control. One important key is to order a dinner-size salad to start, with the dressing on the side. |
| Second, the PGX may increase the number of L-cells that produce GLP-1 in the small intestine and colon.
What appears to make PGX more effective than other fiber sources may be that it leads to pulses of GLP-1 release into the bloodstream as it passes throughout the entire digestive tract. Since naturally produced GLP-1 is broken down by the body within two minutes after it is formed, repeated pulses of release would be necessary to produce a prolonged effect. The prolonged effect of PGX on satiety would support this mechanism. |
| This important hormone is secreted by L-cells in the small intestine and colon in response to food intake. GLP-1 exerts multiple effects as it has been shown to: þImprove blood sugar control þPromote satiety, leading to reduction of food intake þRegulate the rate of gastric emptying, thereby reducing after-meal glucose levels
A synthetic form of GLP-1 is an approved drug in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but, like insulin, it must be injected twice daily. The drug, called Byetta (exenatide), often produces significant weight loss as it makes most feel full, leading to reduced food intake. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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 Crohn's disease is a disorder that includes significant inflammation of the small intestine. Among other things, the inflammation impairs the absorption of nutrients, including vitamin D. Most people who have Crohn's have a vitamin D deficiency. Some doctors are now prescribing UVB tanning beds three times a week for six months to get their patients' vitamin D back up to healthy levels!
Folic acid or folate, depending on its form, is just as important to human life. |
Hyla Cass, M.D.
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| It has to be broken down first (in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine), and then absorbed properly (in the small and large intestines), to do its job. For starters, you need to chew your food thoroughly, until it's liquid in your mouth, to mix it with salivary enzymes that begin the digestive process. How often do you catch yourself wolfing down your food, barely chewing it, because you're in a rush or just because it's your habit?
Slow down! Chew and chew and chew. |
Tom Bohager
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| Their functions include the transportation of fatty acids from the small intestine to important locations throughout the body, the defense of the body against aggressive agents (pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and toxins), and the destruction of accumulated wastes or cellular debris. See chapter 3 and appendix C for more information on the functioning of the immune system.
All body tissues are bathed in a watery fluid derived from the bloodstream called lymph. There are approximately six to ten liters of lymph fluids in the body, which is approximately two times the amount of blood. |
Elaine Magee
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| Viscosity refers to the thick and sticky consistency some types of fiber assume as they move along the small intestine. This sticky fiber seems to work its magic by preventing bile acid (which contains cholesterol) from being reabsorbed through the intestinal wall. And if these bile acids are not reabsorbed, there's only one place for them to go: outside the body through the normal course of digestion. |
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