Frederic Vagnini, M.D. and Barry Fox, Ph.D.
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 ETHAMBUTOL (e-THAM-byoo-tole) Brand Names: Etibi, Myambutol
About Ethambutol
Imagine that a passel of rats has taken up residence in your house—big rats, little rats, strong rats, weak rats. So you set out traps baited with cheese to kill them. All the rats are lured by the cheese, all of them set off a trap and get smacked on the head as the bar crashes down on them, and soon only a few rats are left. But those left are the biggest, strongest rats, because they're the only ones who could get smacked on the head and still live. |
Jack Challem
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 Although the experiments were conducted on laboratory rats, the results have important implications for people.
In one phase of the experiments, Ames and Hagen fed alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine to groups of old and young rats. Old rats are typically lethargic and have only about one-third the energy of young rats. After several weeks of supplementation, the two nutrients had a dramatic rejuvenating and energy-boosting effect. The old rats' physical activity doubled and was almost identical to that of nonsupplemented young rats. |
Richard Bartlett
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 Over the generations, as the rats were born and set up to run the maze of their predecessors, it was discovered that though they had never seen the maze, all of the rats of that species in all of the labs across the country could, on their first attempt, swim the maze as well as, or better than, the trained rats of the previous generation. Eventually, to the surprise of the researchers, all of the rats of this same species were born with the inherent ability to run the maze, even if their ancestors had never been trained in a lab to be able to perform this task. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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 In other words, these rats were fat as a result of a genetically determined low level of activity of the enzyme that starts the manufacture of serotonin from tryptophan. As a result, the rats never got the message to stop eating until they had consumed far greater amounts of food than normal rats.
There is much circumstantial evidence that many humans are genetically predisposed to obesity. This predisposition may involve the same mechanism as that observed in the rats. |
Frederic Vagnini, M.D. and Barry Fox, Ph.D.
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| All the rats are lured by the cheese, all of them set off a trap and get smacked on the head as the bar crashes down on them, and soon only a few rats are left. But those left are the biggest, strongest rats, because they're the only ones who could get smacked on the head and still live. When these rats have babies, their offspring turn out to be just as big and strong as their parents, and pretty soon those traps just don't work anymore. All of the small, weak rats have been weeded out of the population, and only the big, strong ones remain. |
Jack Challem
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| In one phase of the experiments, Ames and Hagen fed alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine to groups of old and young rats. Old rats are typically lethargic and have only about one-third the energy of young rats. After several weeks of supplementation, the two nutrients had a dramatic rejuvenating and energy-boosting effect. The old rats' physical activity doubled and was almost identical to that of nonsupplemented young rats. The improvements, according to the researchers, were like taking a seventy-five-year-old woman and restoring her to the vigor of someone half her age. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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| It turns out that these rats had decreased activity of the enzyme that converts tryptophan to 5-HTP and subsequently to serotonin. In other words, these rats were fat as a result of a genetically determined low level of activity of the enzyme that starts the manufacture of serotonin from tryptophan. As a result, the rats never got the message to stop eating until they had consumed far greater amounts of food than normal rats.
There is much circumstantial evidence that many humans are genetically predisposed to obesity. |
Jack Challem
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| In one phase of the experiments, Ames and Hagen fed alpha-lipoic acid and acetyl-L-carnitine to groups of old and young rats. Old rats are typically lethargic and have only about one-third the energy of young rats. After several weeks of supplementation, the two nutrients had a dramatic rejuvenating and energy-boosting effect. The old rats' physical activity doubled and was almost identical to that of nonsupplemented young rats. The improvements, according to the researchers, were like taking a seventy-five-year-old woman and restoring her to the vigor of someone half her age. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 REPPED: Do you ever read about experiments in which lab rats are used to test a psychological premise? Researchers set up a food dispensing system in which the lab rat presses a lever to get a little piece of food. You can train a lab rat to do all sorts of different things just to have the right to press that lever. It doesn't take rats long to realize that the lever is associated with dispensing food, and food, of course, makes them feel good.
Now, imagine a 50-year-old overweight man standing in front of a soft drink vending machine. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 The original research was done on rats (see below) by unethical researchers who kill rats for a living. They bled out the rats, removing up to 3.15mL of blood per 100g of rat body weight (which is a huge amount of blood when you consider the small size of the rats), then tried to resuscitate them by injecting a polymer made from aloe vera. The study showed phenomenal improvements in the resuscitation, blood pressure and survival in the group receiving the aloe vera polymer.
What it means is that the aloe vera made the remaining blood work better. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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| It doesn't take rats long to realize that the lever is associated with dispensing food, and food, of course, makes them feel good.
Now, imagine a 50-year-old overweight man standing in front of a soft drink vending machine. He's looking over the menu, trying to decide which item to request. He inserts a few quarters, presses a button, and gets a carbonated beverage. He pops it open, guzzles it down, and gets the brain-chemistry-altering effect that soft drinks deliver to the human nervous system. |
| The training with the lab rats is a little more personal, but the population at large in the United States or other developed countries is trained through television, cable, magazines and so on. You train them by flashing positive imagery, usually involving sex, and then quickly interweaving images about your own products.
If this is done back and forth quickly enough, it creates an almost subliminal effect. It's sex -- and then, soda. Sex, soda, sex, soda. Soon afterwards, when people think about soda, they get the same feeling as if they were thinking about sex. |
Sue Palmer
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 Remember the rats in Chapter 6 that became smarter through living in an interactive 'enriched environment', while rats that sat around with nothing to do became duller by the minute? One of the authors of that study, Dr Marian Cleeves Diamond, once made a guest appearance at a US conference about television and young children to point out that the dull sedentary rats didn't get any cleverer if they were allowed to watch the enriched rats running around having fun. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Mike: Is there something wrong with swamp rats? I don't know. It doesn't sound appetizing.
Newman: I don't think the meat is all that bad, but they grind up the entire rat. You have the disease that occurs in the swamp rats. You have the handling method. They kill these swamp rats and put them in storage, which is just a container sitting on a shore. How long do the swamp rats last out of refrigeration?
So, now you have rancid, putrefying meat. We know that rancid, putrefying meat is perfectly okay in your pet's food because AFCO says you can use dead, dying, diseased or disabled animals. |
| It could be road kill, or it could be swamp rats. Nutria is a swamp rat that grows in Louisiana. It is all around and can be easily hunted, or gathered, if you will. They go right into the pet food ingredients as protein.
Mike: Is there something wrong with swamp rats? I don't know. It doesn't sound appetizing.
Newman: I don't think the meat is all that bad, but they grind up the entire rat. You have the disease that occurs in the swamp rats. You have the handling method. They kill these swamp rats and put them in storage, which is just a container sitting on a shore. |
Elaine Magee
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 In an earlier study, Erdman found that rats fed isolated lycopene (a natural substance from tomatoes believed to help fight prostate cancer) didn't have significant protection from prostate cancer, but rats fed freeze-dried-tomato powder (it's easier to feed rats the powder, and it contains the full range of nutrients in tomatoes) had much greater prostate cancer survival. Meanwhile, broccoli contains substances called glucosinolates that break down into compounds that help enzymes flush carcinogens from the body. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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| HTP as a Weight-Loss Aid
As far back as 1975, researchers demonstrated that administering 5-HTP to rats that were bred to overeat and be obese resulted in significant reduction in food intake. It turns out that these rats had decreased activity of the enzyme that converts tryptophan to 5-HTP and subsequently to serotonin. In other words, these rats were fat as a result of a genetically determined low level of activity of the enzyme that starts the manufacture of serotonin from tryptophan. |
| As a result, the rats never got the message to stop eating until they had consumed far greater amounts of food than normal rats.
There is much circumstantial evidence that many humans are genetically predisposed to obesity. This predisposition may involve the same mechanism as that observed in the rats. In other words, many people may be predisposed to being overweight because they have a decreased conversion of tryptophan to 5-HTP and, as a result, decreased serotonin levels. By providing preformed 5-HTP, this genetic defect is bypassed and more serotonin is manufactured. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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| They bled out the rats, removing up to 3.15mL of blood per 100g of rat body weight (which is a huge amount of blood when you consider the small size of the rats), then tried to resuscitate them by injecting a polymer made from aloe vera. The study showed phenomenal improvements in the resuscitation, blood pressure and survival in the group receiving the aloe vera polymer.
What it means is that the aloe vera made the remaining blood work better. And this was done in rats who, believe it or not, have far healthier diets than the average U.S. consumer. |
Jack Challem
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| Old rats are typically lethargic and have only about one-third the energy of young rats. After several weeks of supplementation, the two nutrients had a dramatic rejuvenating and energy-boosting effect. The old rats' physical activity doubled and was almost identical to that of nonsupplemented young rats. The improvements, according to the researchers, were like taking a seventy-five-year-old woman and restoring her to the vigor of someone half her age. Ames and Hagen also reported comparable improvements in the animals' memories. |
Ron Garner
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 A 1970 study in which rats were divided into groups and fed products made with whole wheat flour, white refined flour, or enriched white refined flour, found that the rats continued to thrive on whole wheat, while the ones fed white bread became malnourished.8 Animals that were fed enriched white flour products died first because the enrichment of this flour is from synthetic vitamins and minerals. Raw whole wheat contains approximately fifty main nutrients whereas refined white flour contains no more than two or three. |
Wendy Bazilian, DRPH, MA, RD, Steven Pratt, MD, Kathy Matthews
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 In a study of rats, researchers found that soy isoflavones actually played a role in reducing inflammation, a condition that we've looked at as playing a role in exacerbating obesity and weight gain. The rats in this study that consumed soy isoflavones had improved insulin sensitivity, which seemed to be caused by a reduction in inflammation.41' f you're a postmenopausal woman who has metabolic syndrome, you could benefit from regular consumption of soy nuts. |
Dr. Sharon Moalem
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 One recent study of rats showed that when pregnant rats were fed a low-protein diet for just the first four days of pregnancy— before the embryo had even implanted in the uterus—their babies were prone to high blood pressure. Experiments with sheep showed similar maternal effects. Pregnant sheep that were underfed during the early days of pregnancy—again, even before the embryo implanted in the mother's uterus—gave birth to offspring that rapidly developed thickened arteries because their slower metabolisms stored more food as fat. |
Bottom Line Health
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| Recent study: rats that were fed diets enriched with these foods for one month prior to an induced stroke had only half as much brain damage as rats that were not fed these foods.
This study suggests that including these foods —one cup of blueberries, a big spinach salad or a few teaspoons of spirulina powder—-in your daily diet may make a difference in the severity of a stroke.
Paula C. Bickford, PhD, professor of neurosurgery, University of South Florida, and James A. Haley VA Hospital, both in Tampa. |
Dawson Church
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 The brains of these rats also showed higher levels of a chemical (acetyl groups) that facilitates gene expression by binding to the protein sheath around the gene, making it easier for the gene to express. Additionally, they had higher levels of an enzyme that adds acetyl groups to the protein sheath.
The anxious, fearful rats had different brain chemistry The same gene-suppressing substance as in the Jirtle mouse study, methyl groups, was more prevalent in their hippocampi. It bonded to the DNA and inhibited the expression of the gene involved in dampening stress. |
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