Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 Unfortunately, the understanding of the metabolic role of energy in heart function is not well known by medical practitioners, and the impact of supplementing the heart with energy-supplying nutrients is not appreciated. Here is an example of how this lack of understanding caused one man unnecessary despair, as well as a delay in treatment.
Jim was seventy-six years old and living with congestive heart failure and ischemic heart disease. In 2003, his disease worsened to the point that he could hardly walk. |
| First indication of metabolic role outside genetic material.
1957
Discovery of ribokinase in calf liver showing mechanism for entry of ribose into the pentose phosphate pathway.
1958
First study on the metabolism of D-ribose in man.
1969
Dr. Goncalves (Canada) discovers role of ribose in synthesis of several important cellular constituents.
1973
Dr. Heinz-Gerd Zimmer (Germany), ribose research pioneer, determines the role of ribose on cardiac energy recovery following ischemia.
1978
Dr. Zimmer finds that heart and skeletal muscle use of D-ribose is similar. |
| In addition, the increased blood flow associated with reperfusion washes huge amounts of energy substrates away from the cell, and some of these energy metabolic byproducts contribute to free-radical formation in the presence of so much oxygen.
This process can place so much oxidative stress on the tissue being rescued that it causes a condition called reperfusion injury. This is like throwing a life jacket to a drowning man and then running him over with the rescue boat. |
| All of these interventions cause the heart to become ischemic and place it under extreme metabolic stress. All also provide immediate restoration of highly oxygenated blood to the heart, which, as we will see, causes its own set of concerns.
During cardiac surgery, the body temperature is customarily lowered to decrease metabolism and reduce cardiac energy loss. The body's blood supply is then rerouted to the bypass pump so the heart can be stopped for surgery, while the body continues to receive oxygenated blood from the pump. The shorter the time the heart is stopped, the better. |
| The inorganic phosphate is reattached to ADP to form ATP again (through various metabolic means that will be described later) and the energy cycle begins anew, as shown in Figure 3.2.
Figure 3.2. When ATP is used the remaining byproducts are adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pj). ADP and Pj can then recombine to form ATP in the cellular processes of energy recycling. When oxygen and food (fuel) is available, energy recycling occurs unimpeded millions of times per second in every cell in the body. |
Jack Challem
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 Protein boosts the metabolic rate. Your metabolic rate governs how well or how poorly your body burns calories. Studies have consistently found that people lose more fat and less muscle on higher-protein diets. This is important because muscle is the body's principal fat-burning tissue. In a study at the University of Illinois, women on high-protein diets had increases in their thyroid hormone and a faster metabolic rate, which helped them to burn calories. |
Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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| Current Health in 2008: Top Five Major Diseases Globally
WHO/United Nations 2007 Data
1. Cardiovascular Diseases (50%) 4. Digestive Diseases (6%)
2. Cancer (21%) 5. Diabetes mellitus (3%)
3. Respiratory Diseases (11%)
A study commissioned by Sigma-tau and currently underway: "Effects of aerobic exercise and ArginoCarn? |
Jack Challem
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| Protein boosts the metabolic rate. Your metabolic rate governs how well or how poorly your body burns calories. Studies have consistently found that people lose more fat and less muscle on higher-protein diets. This is important because muscle is the body's principal fat-burning tissue. In a study at the University of Illinois, women on high-protein diets had increases in their thyroid hormone and a faster metabolic rate, which helped them to burn calories. |
Caldwell B. Esselstyn, Jr., M.D.
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 Plant-based nutrition, it turns out, has a mighty beneficial effect on endothelial cells, those metabolic and biochemical dynamos that produce nitric oxide (see Figure 5). And nitric oxide, as I have noted, is absolutely essential
Figure 5. With plant-based nutrition, the endothelial cell is a metabolic dynamo that ensures vascular health. to vascular health—a finding that won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1998.8
1. It relaxes blood vessels, selectively boosting blood flow to the organs that need it.
2. |
| A mechanical approach to a metabolic, biochemical epidemic, he argued, was not the answer. Dr. Thomas further cautioned that there would be a moral and ethical challenge to physicians down the road: to relinquish this halfway technology in favor of simpler, safer metabolic and biochemical cures.
The time is now. The weight of scientific evidence and public opinion, once the truth is known, will prevail. And finally, we can start teaching people how to walk alongside the edge of the cliff, instead of desperately trying to save them after they fall off. |
Wendy Bazilian, DRPH, MA, RD, Steven Pratt, MD, Kathy Matthews
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 An occasional night of disrupted sleep can be overcome from a metabolic standpoint. But constant, chronic lack of sleep can ultimately result in a disrupted metabolism that encourages more fat storage and especially fat storage in those areas of the body that increase disease risk. Chronic sleep deprivation can also promote metabolic disorders related to blood sugar/ insulin regulation. This is not to mention the hormonal shifts in perceived hunger and appetite that can promote behaviors that may ultimately encourage more eating along with reduced efforts to exercise due to general fatigue. |
Patrick Holford
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 The most important reason why exercise is a key to weight loss is its effect on your metabolic rate. According to Professor William D. McArdle, exercise physiologist at City University, New York, "Most people can generate metabolic rates that are eight to ten times above their resting value during sustained cycling, running, or swimming. Complementing this increased metabolic rate is the observation that vigorous exercise will raise metabolic rate for up to fifteen hours after exercise." Surveys do show that leaner people tend to exercise more. |
Hyla Cass
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 Her diagnosis was metabolic syndrome, a prediabetic condition that includes insulin resistance, elevated blood sugar, excessive visceral or belly fat, and cardiovascular problems including high cholesterol and high blood pressure. In most people who don't take big steps toward healthful living, metabolic syndrome evolves into type 2 diabetes—a disease that has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. |
Jack Challem
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| Hyperinsulinemia
• Insulin resistance
• Hypoglycemia
• metabolic syndrome
• Syndrome X
• metabolic Syndrome X
• Insulin resistance syndrome
If your doctor has used any of these terms to describe your health, you have prediabetes.
What Do We Mean by Overweight and Obesity?
Many people aren't always clear about what doctors and health experts mean when they talk about overweight and obesity. Part of the problem is that people frequently have distorted views of their own weight, so they think they weigh less than they do. |
Hyla Cass, M.D.
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| Her diagnosis was metabolic syndrome, a prediabetic condition that includes insulin resistance, elevated blood sugar, excessive visceral or belly fat, and cardiovascular problems including high cholesterol and high blood pressure. In most people who don't take big steps toward healthful living, metabolic syndrome evolves into type 2 diabetes—a disease that has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. |
Mehmet C. Oz., M.D. and Michael F. Roizen, M.D.
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 Even drinking diet drinks is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome. Consumption of sugar (or its equivalents, like corn syrup) in soft drinks has been linked to obesity in children and adolescents. But a recent study of almost all fifty-year-old men and women in Framingham, Massachusetts, found that having more than one soft drink, whether sugared or diet, increased the risk of metabolic syndrome by 44 percent over a four-year period. The risk was increased similarly whether the drink was sugared or diet. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Certain environmental substances called endocrine-disrupting chemicals can change the functioning of a fetus's genes, altering a baby's metabolic system and predisposing him or her to obesity. This individual could eat the same thing and exercise the same amount as someone with a normal metabolic system, but he or she would become obese, while the other person remained thin. This is a serious problem because obesity puts people at risk for other problems, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and hypertension," von Saal said. |
Charles Barber
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 Psychotherapy affects cerebral metabolic rates in the brain. The OCD study described above also showed that psychotherapy and Prozac produced decreased cerebral metabolic rates in the right caudate nucleus. Additionally, imaging studies of patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder found that psychotherapy increased prefrontal metabolism and decreased limbic system activation in the brain. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 Katz believes that "the sequence is generally as follows: 1) metabolic efficiency/brisk insulin release (you're healthy), 2) caloric overload (including excessive intake of simple sugars and refined starches), 3) weight gain, and 4) abdominal obesity. Next comes either 5) insulin resistance or 6) impaired glucose tolerance, or they can occur simultaneously. And finally you're hit by 7) diabetes."
Bear in mind that such blood sugar woes don't develop within days, weeks, or even months. |
Jack Challem
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 In the later stages of Syndrome X (a form of prediabetes also known as metabolic syndrome), it's common for people to have both elevated glucose and elevated insulin levels. The body's regulation of glucose goes awry, and it can affect mood, behavior, and thinking processes.
What exactly happens with your glucose and insulin levels?
Eating almost any food leads to a rise in glucose, which in turn prompts the secretion of insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps move glucose into cells, where it should be burned for energy. Foods rich in protein (e.g., fish, chicken) or fiber (e.g. |
Charles Barber
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| The OCD study described above also showed that psychotherapy and Prozac produced decreased cerebral metabolic rates in the right caudate nucleus. Additionally, imaging studies of patients diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder found that psychotherapy increased prefrontal metabolism and decreased limbic system activation in the brain. |
Ray D. Strand
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 This puts increased demand on many of the metabolic pathways in the liver and the body as a whole. Thus increased production of free radicals takes place and the potential to create oxidative stress grows.
The industrialized world of the twenty-first century has become over-dependent on medications. The consumption of medications in the U.S. and in the world is obviously at an all-time high. Even though every drug has been tested to show it provides a benefit, each also carries an inherent risk. Serious adverse drug reactions are the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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 Also Known As
Cantonese: ma wong
English: Chinese joint fir, ma huang
Finnish: efedra
French: ephedre du valais
German: meertaubl
Japanese: mao
Korean: mahwang
Mandarin: ma huang
Sanskrit: somalata
Spanish: canutillo, popotillo
Swedish: efedra
Parts Used
Stem, branch
Physiological Effects
Antiallergenic, anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, antitussive, aphrodisiac, astringent, bronchial dilator, circulatory stimulant, decongestant, diaphoretic, diuretic, expectorant, metabolic stimulant
Medicinal Uses
Humans have been using ephedra since the inception of our species. |
Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD
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 The practice of orthomolecular medicine thus recognizes that most acute and chronic diseases are due to a metabolic fault that is correctable in most patients by good nutrition, including the use of large doses of vitamins and mineral supplements. Unlike conventional medicine, orthomolecular medicine recognizes the principle of individuality, recommending the optimum diet of nutrients for each of us, in good health and in poor health. No two patients are the same; therefore, no two treatments are the same. |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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| It improves the elimination of metabolic wastes through the liver, lymphs, large intestines, lungs, kidneys, and skin. Japanese research indicates that burdock root contains desmutagens, substances that deactivate cancer-causing agents. |
| It is said to be cold and moist and governs excretion and reproduction, including the colon and anus, as well as the metabolic, genetic, and chemical processes that promote health. Hidden cellular changes and tissue destruction are also under the dominion of Pluto.
Pluto-governed herbs are often found in remote places or underground. They tend to bring about dramatic change and insight and can help with sexuality and balancing the physical and spiritual aspects of a personality. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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| Yale University School of Medicine researchers reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that half of the 439 obese youngsters studied developed various Syndrome X risk factors, including insulin resistance, unhealthy cholesterol, and other metabolic abnormalities.
Now, let's take a look at some not-so-sweet developments and trends that researchers, nutritionists, and junk food critics believe have contributed to our country's obesity epidemic and concurrent health crisis. |
Wendy Bazilian, DRPH, MA, RD, Steven Pratt, MD, Kathy Matthews
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| Indeed, fat cells are little metabolic machines, actively churning out a variety of substances that can affect your weight, appetite, and how many calories you eat as well as how efficiently your body uses those calories for energy. These substances produced by your fat cells, known as adipocytes, include leptin, ghrelin, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, angiotensinogen, adiponectin, and resistin. In general, the more fat cells you have and the fatter those cells become, the more of these substances they can pump into your bloodstream. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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| Type 2 diabetes, which used to strike people aged 30 and over, is a complex metabolic disorder that is increasingly becoming a disease of overweight kids (even as young as age 6). If you have type 2 diabetes, your insulin production slows down as a result of having to work overtime to stabilize your blood sugar levels. This disease was once known as sugar diabetes, which implies the role that consumption of sweets can have on its development. |
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