Steven V. Joyal See book keywords and concepts | Ginseng
The term "ginseng" refers to several species of the genus Panax, of which the most commonly used are American ginseng {Panax quinquefolius) and Asian ginseng {Panax ginseng). A third type is Siberian ginseng {Eleutherococcus senticosus), which is from a different genus and does not contain the components (ginsen-osides) present in the Panax species that are believed to give it healing qualities.
For more than two thousand years, practitioners of traditional Chinese medicine have used ginseng root to treat various ailments. | Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe See book keywords and concepts | Eight species of the genus Theobroma contain theobromine, as do: Camellia sinensis (which gives us tea); six species of the genus Coffea (including the one that yields coffee); and Ilex paraguariensis, the source of yerba mate, another New World addition to the alkaloid drink inventory, a South American tea which should be drunk from a silver-mounted gourd through a silver strainer-straw.
During the past decade, a growing literature on the supposed health effects of chocolate has appeared in medical and nutritional literature and in the media. | Thomson Healthcare, Inc. See book keywords and concepts | Production: Dog Rose fruit consist of the ripe, dried fruit (nutlet) of various species of the genus Rosa particularly Rosa moschata. The fruits are secondary products of Dog Rose shells. Dog Rose shells consist of the ripe, fresh or dried, opened seed receptacle (whole or cut and freed from hairs) of Rosa canina, Rosa pendulina, Rosa rugosa, Rosa moschata and other Rosa species. The ripe receptacles are harvested by hand and dried in the air, sun, or in drying plants at a maximum temperature of 80° C. The dry Dog Roses are broken up and the fruit and skins are separated by sieving. | Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe See book keywords and concepts | He suggests that the genus (but not specifically Theobroma cacao) evolved on the eastern slopes of the South American Andes, long before human beings ventured into the New World from Siberia. Only two of the 22 are of any interest to us: T. cacao and T. bicolor. The other 20 grow in the Amazon basin; along the Pacific coast from Ecuador north to Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico; and on the northern, that is to say Caribbean, coast of South America. | | A starchy root eaten in the Caribbean is colloquially called "coco"; scientifically, it is one of the species of the genus Colocasia. There are other plants with similar common names, such as the "coco-bean" (a variety of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris), but enough has been said to make clear that a reference to "cocoa," or something that sounds vaguely similar, is not necessarily proof of the presence of Theobroma cacao.
For a tree that bears seeds of such importance, cacao is singularly difficult to grow. | | The first part of this particular binomial, the name of the genus to which cacao (the "chocolate tree") belongs, is from the Greek and means "food of the, gods." It is not clear exactly whose gods Linnaeus had in mind, although he himself is known to have been fond of chocolate. The New World name cacao—which, as we shall see, provides a clue for the unravelling of chocolate's earliest history—he found barbaric, and thus put it in second place as the specific name. | Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S. See book keywords and concepts | The point is, if you want a blueprint for what fuel mix the human digestive system was really designed to work best on, you need look no further than the basic food source that nourished the human genus for a couple of million years. And that food source was a mix of what we could hunt—wild game—and what we could gather—natural foods like roots, berries, nuts, wild vegetables, and fruits.
Wild Game Can Help Lower Cholesterol and the Risk of Heart Disease
So what did Paleolithic man actually eat? | Tori Hudson, N.D. See book keywords and concepts | Yet the predominant organisms are members of the Lactobacillus genus.
The body's ability to control the vaginal microflora is no easy feat. The normal vaginal microflora defend against abnormal vaginal colonization. Factors controlling this defense system include the content of the vaginal tissue itself (called the squamous epithelium), the dominance of lactobacilli, the subsequent low or acidic pH balance, hydrogen peroxide production, and hormonal influences (over one's lifetime as well as monthly cyclic changes). | | A vaginal culture may help to establish that yeast is in fact present for symptomatic women with negative microscopic findings and to identify the genus and species.
It cannot be overemphasized how the health of the entire body affects the internal ecosystem of the vagina. The vaginal pH and microflora, the hormonal cycles, and the vaginal immune tissue are all influenced by our general health and dietary habits, and this in turn determines our susceptibility to vaginitis. A healthy diet assures our body's defense system. | Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | Leaves, Stem and Root: The genus Cassia comprises shrubs, subshrubs, and herbaceous perennials with paired-pinnate leaves. There are axes with stem glands either between the leaflets or on the petiole. The stipules have varying shapes.
Habitat: Cassia species is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of all continents except Europe. Most varieties are indigenous to North, Central, and South America.
Other Names: Tinnevelly Senna, India Senna, Alexandrian Senna
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives: (in the leaves 2.5-3.5%, in the berries of Cassia senna 3. | Thomson Healthcare, Inc. See book keywords and concepts | Leaves, Stem, and Root: The genus Cassia comprises shrubs, subshrubs, and herbaceous perennials with paired-pinnate leaves. There are axes with stem glands either between the leaflets or on the petiole. The stipules have varying shapes.
Habitat: Cassia species is found in the tropical and subtropical regions of all continents except Europe. Most varieties are indigenous to North, Central, and South America.
Other Names: Alexandrian Senna, India Senna, Khartoum Senna, Tinnevelly Senna actions and pharmacology
COMPOUNDS
Anthracene derivatives (2.5-3. | David Wolfe See book keywords and concepts | Instead, what we find, in the actual fossil record, are genus forms (a genus is a collection of related organisms usually including several species) that have not developed themselves on the fitness principle, but appear suddenly and at once in their definite shape; that do not thereafter evolve towards better adaptation, but become rarer or finally disappear, while quite different forms arise again.
The mathematician Mandelbrot in his casebook The Fractal Geometry of
Nature (about Chaos theory) describes two types of quantity variations recognizable in Nature:
1. | Thomson Healthcare, Inc. See book keywords and concepts | Flower and Fruit: Aga belongs to the group of lamella fungi, genus Amanita. The hymenium in the inside of the fruiting body is exposed by unfolding the cap on the underside.
Characteristics: The poisonous fungus has a basidia that is dirty white, as are the cuffs and underside of the cap. The mushroom's cap is orange at first, then strong red with a few dirty-white to yellow spots.
Habitat: Aga grows in the Northern Hemisphere as far north as the tundra and thrives in sandy, acid soils.
Production: Aga is the above-ground part of Amanita muscaria. | | Alkaloids in Uncaria genus. Yakugaku Zasshi, 25:575-8, 1971 May.
Law KH, Das NP, Initiation and maintenance of callus tissue culture of Uncaria elliptica for flavonoid production. Prog Clin Biol Res, 25:67-70, 1988.
Lin CC, Lin JM, Chiu HF, Studies on folk medicine "thang-kau-tin" from Taiwan. (I). The anti-inflammatory and liver-protective effect. Am J Chin Med, 57:37-50, 1992.
Lin JM, Lin CC, Chen MF, Ujiie T, Takada A, Studies on Taiwan folk medicine, thang-kau-tin (II): Measurement of active oxygen scavenging activity using an ESR technique. Am J Chin Med, 57:43-51, 1995. | | Asclepias tuberosa is devoid of the latex typical of the genus (see Asclepias incarnata).
Characteristics: Pleurisy Root has a nutty and bitter taste. The odor is faint.
Habitat: Indigenous to America and Canada.
Production: Pleurisy Root is the root of Asclepias tuberosa. | | Plotkin MJ, Schultes RE, Virola: a promising genus for ethnopharmacological investigation. J Psychoactive Drugs, 22:357-61, Jul-Sep. 1990
Virola theiodora
See Virola
Viscum album
See European Mistletoe
¦
Vitex agnus-castus
See Chaste Tree
Vitis vinifera
See Grape
Wafer Ash
Ptelea trifoliata description
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the young bark, and the root bark. The plant is also used in homeopathic medicine.
Flower and Fruit: The small, greenish-white flowers are in loose, terminal cymes and are dioecious. | Joerg Gruenwald, Ph.D. See book keywords and concepts | Rose Hip seeds are the ripe, dried seed of various species of the genus Rosa. The drug is a component of various diuretics.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New York 1995. | | Flower and Fruit: Belongs to the group of lamella fungi, genus Amanita. The hymenium in the inside of the fruiting body is exposed by unfolding the cap on the underside.
Characteristics: Basidia is dirty white as are the cuffs and underside of the cap. The cap is orange at first then strong red with a few dirty white to yellow spots. The fungus is poisonous.
Habitat: Aga is found in the northern hemisphere in sandy, acid soils as far as the northern tundra.
Production: Aga is the above-ground part of Amanita muscaria. | | Cape aloe consists of the dried latex of the leaves of several species of the genus Aloe, especially Aloe ferox and its hybrids. The leaves are gathered by hand, and the collected liquid is thickened.
Not To Be Confused With: Aloe barbadensis and Aloe capensis have different properties. | | Reichling J, Martin R, Pseudoisoeugenole - eine Gruppe seltener Phenylpropanoide im genus Pimpinella: Biosynthese unfd biologische Wirkung. In: PZW 136(5/6)225. 1991.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-1994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992. | Dr. Abram Hoffer, MD, FRCP (C) and Dr. Harold D. Foster, PhD See book keywords and concepts | Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium, which infects red blood cells. The protozoans cannot live outside their hosts and depend completely on the glucose, enzymes, and metabolism of such cells to survive.11 This parasitic relationship eventually destroys the red blood cells, usually at 2- or 3-day intervals. The release of associated waste products and pigments causes the intermittent fever and chills seen in malaria sufferers. Plasmodium protozoa are spread from one human to another by four species of mosquitoes. | Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S. See book keywords and concepts | And antiinflammatory compounds have been isolated from the root of another member of the genus, the Morinda officinalis. If all that weren't enough, researchers at the Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology studying Morinda officinalis on a well-known animal model of depression (the forced swimming test) concluded that an extract of the plant possessed antidepressant effects. | Brigitte Mars, A.H.G. See book keywords and concepts | Family
Asteraceae (Daisy Family) Etymology
The genus name, Arctium, derives from the Greek arktos, "bear," a reference to the shaggy burrs. The species name, lappa, is derived from a Greek word meaning "to seize," in reference to the clinginess of the seeds. The common name burdock is derived from the French beurre, "butter," and the English word dock, meaning leaves; French women would wrap their cakes of butter in leaves of burdock to transport it to the marketplace. | | Family
Lamiaceae (Mint Family) Etymology
The genus name, Ocimum, is derived from the ancient Greek word okimon, "smell." The species name basilicum and the common name basil originate from the Greek basilikon phuton, "kingly," "valiant," or "royal herb." The Sanskrit name tulasi comes from that of Tulasi, wife of Vishnu, who took on the form of this herb when she came to earth. | | Family
Fabaceae (Pea Family)
Etymology
The genus name, Baptisia, comes from the Greek baptein, "to dye." The species name, tinctoria, also refers to dyeing, deriving from the Latin word for the process, tinctura. The common name indigo is derived from the Latin indicum, "from India. | | Family
Salicaceae (Willow Family) Etymology
The genus name, Populus, is the classical Latin name for this family of trees. The species name, balsamifera, derives from the Latin for "balsam-bearing. | | Korean mint)
Family
Lamiaceae (Mint Family) Etymology
The genus name, Agastache, means "many spiked" in Greek, referring to the numerous spikes on the plant. The species name, foeniculum, means "little hay" in Greek and derives from the Greek foenum, "fragrant hay," perhaps in reference to the delightful fragrance of this plant. | David W. Grotto, RD, LDN See book keywords and concepts | European honey bees, genus Apis Mellifera, produce more than enough honey for their hive so that humans can harvest the excess. The color and flavor of honey differ depending on the bees' nectar source (the blossoms). In fact, there are more than three hundred unique kinds of honey in the United States alone, originating from clover, eucalyptus, orange blossom, and buckwheat. Lighter-colored honeys are milder in flavor, while darker honeys are usually stronger in flavor.
A Serving of Food Lore... | | Passion fruit comes from the passionflower plant and is part of the genus Passiflora. There are two main types of passion fruit commonly used for commercial purposes: the New Zealand purple passion fruit and the Hawaiian yellow passion fruit. The taste of the yellow and purple passion fruit is similar; both are sweet and tart, but the purple passion tends to be less acidic and is juicier than the yellow variety.
A Serving of Food Lore...
The purple passion fruit is thought to be native to Brazil, possibly from the Amazon, but no one knows for sure. |
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