Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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 During each stay, the subjects ingested a capsule of placebo or capsules containing 200 mg caffeine and a variable dose of egcg (90,200, 300 or 400 mg) three times daily, 30 min before standardized meals. Twenty-four hour energy expenditure increased significantly by about 750 kJ with all EGCG-caffeine mixtures compared with placebo. No effect of the EGCG-caffeine mixture was observed on lipid oxidation. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased by about 7 and 5 mmHg, respectively, with the EGCG-caffeine mixtures compared with placebo. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 EGCG plus 50 mg caffeine), or a placebo. Dulloo then measured the subjects' energy expenditure (a measure of metabolic rate). Those who got the EGCG-caffeine combo had a significant increase in their energy expenditure, leading Dulloo to conclude that "green tea has thermogenic properties and promotes fat oxidation beyond that explained by its caffeine content per se."
More recently, Canadian researchers tested out different doses and mixes of egcg and caffeine. |
| Green tea contains a plant compound called epigallocatechin gallate, mercifully abbreviated egcg. This compound—a member of the cat-echin family—has multiple health benefits, but one of them is that it appears to increase metabolism. Some researchers have theorized that egcg blocks the action of an enzyme that breaks down noradrenaline; noradrenaline stimulates many metabolic functions including heart rate and the release of energy from fat, so by allowing more of it to stick around, egcg may actually "boost" your metabolism. |
David W. Grotto, RD, LDN
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 The major catechins, found mostly in green tea, include: epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), and epicat-echin (EC). egcg is the most abundant and widely studied tea polyphenol, and egcg and ECG have the highest radical-scavenging activity. Caffeine levels tend to be higher in tea bag forms (the finer grind releases more caffeine) but typically range between 20 and 90 milligrams of caffeine per 8-ounce cup compared with brewed coffee's 60 to 120 milligrams. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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 Enviga does contain 90mg of egcg and lOOmg of caffeine per 12-ounce can. So drinking three cans per day will provide 270mg of egcg and 300mg of caffeine (about the same amount as in two cups of coffee). The study tested thirty-one people aged between 18 and 35. All of the test subjects were in the normal weight range, so it is not known what effect Enviga may have in overweight and obese individuals.
Hypothetically, lets say these results are accurate. In order to burn one pound of fat (3,500 calories), you would need to drink 105 cans of Enviga for 35 days straight. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| The increase in 24-hour energy expenditure with the EGCG-caffeine preparation was similar with all doses of egcg in the mixtures (Berube-Parent et al, 2005).
Cognitive Enhancement
In a double-blind, counterbalanced, placebo-controlled study of 28 healthy participants aged 18 to 24, the cognitive and mood effects of single doses of guarana, ginseng, a combination of the two, and placebo were assessed. Each sibject received 150 mg guarana dry extract, standardized to 11-13% alkaloid concentration, or 400 mg ginseng extract Gl 15, or a guarana/ginseng combination, or placebo per day. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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| They gave subjects 200 mg of caffeine together with either 90, 200, 300, or 400 mg of egcg to be taken three times a day; the control group got a placebo. They found that there was a significant increase in energy expenditure for all the EGCG-caffeine mixtures, and interestingly, the results were pretty much same for all four doses. This led the researchers to conclude that 90 mg * 3 (or 270 mg) was the "optimal concentration" to produce calorie burning. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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 Youdim, Mandel, and colleagues have provided several extensive reviews of the properties and molecular mechanisms involved in the health benefits of egcg [187]. Thus, an extensive review will not be provided here except as these effects relate to neuroprotection, where it appears that the strongest evidence suggests that the primary beneficial properties of egcg may be its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metal chelating abilities. |
David W. Grotto, RD, LDN
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| EGCG is the most abundant and widely studied tea polyphenol, and egcg and ECG have the highest radical-scavenging activity. Caffeine levels tend to be higher in tea bag forms (the finer grind releases more caffeine) but typically range between 20 and 90 milligrams of caffeine per 8-ounce cup compared with brewed coffee's 60 to 120 milligrams. |
Wendy Bazilian, DRPH, MA, RD, Steven Pratt, MD, Kathy Matthews
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 In this case, it appears to be the egcg in green and oolong tea and egcg along with epicatechin gallate, tannins, and theafla-vins in black tea, that play this insulin-enhancing role. This again underscores why the whole tea leaf itself and the synergy of the many nutrients are more effective than a single nutrient supplement.
What about black or oolong tea? |
Erich Grotewold
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 We also established that theaflavins and egcg inhibit xanthine oxidase (XO). They inhibit XO to produce uric acid and also act as scavengers of superoxides. Theaflavin 3,3'-digallate (TF-3) inhibited the superoxide production in HL-60 cells. Therefore, the antioxidative activity of tea polyphenols may be due not only to their ability to scavenge superoxides, but also because of their ability to block XO and relative oxidative signal transducers (Lin et al., 2000). |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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 Tea's polyphenols, especially egcg, are recognized as antioxidant. They prevent free-radical damage and have even been found to lower levels of free
The essential oil is used in perfumery. The growing and dried plant is used as an insect repellent. |
Jonny Bowden, M.A., C.N.S.
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 In animal studies, they have been shown to have a mild antiobesity effect, and if that were not enough, the egcg in green tea has recently been shown to enhance insulin activity.
You'd need to drink five or more cups of the tea a day to get the amount of egcg required to produce an effect, so high-quality supplements are probably the way to go.
Ginseng
Ginseng is what is known as an adaptagen, which means it can help you restore equilibrium to something that is out of balance. |
Marshall Editions
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 To promote metabolism, consume 3^4 cups of green tea a day, or purchase a green tea extract, labeled as standardized to the catechin or egcg content. Green tea may increase blood pressure, so people with high blood pressure should be cautious. It also acts as a central nervous system stimulant, which may lead to insomnia or jitteriness in high doses.
Hoodia: The sap or the roots and stems of hoodia have traditionally been used as an appetite suppressant, which may be due to a compound called P57AS3. |
Steven V. Joyal
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 Especially promising are the results of several studies in which egcg helped prevent the destruction of beta cells and others done in diabetic animals in which green tea extract inhibited glycation and the formation of glycotoxins.
The recommended dose of green tea extract is 725 mg daily. When looking for a green tea extract, choose one that provides a minimum of 93 percent polyphenols. A typical cup of green tea contains 50 to 150 mg of polyphenols. Some types of green tea extract contain caffeine. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 And in 2004, a team from Harvard Medical School reported that egcg (the catechin in green tea mentioned earlier) inhibits the growth and reproduction of cancer cells associated with Barrett's esophagus. They said that green tea may help lower the prevalence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, one of the fastest-growing cancers in Western countries. University of Purdue researchers also recently concluded that a compound in green tea inhibits the growth of cancer cells. |
| So for a long time, urban legend held that only green tea (and presumably white) possessed anticancer activity, since egcg wasn't present in black (or oolong) tea due to the fermentation process. Not so.
We now know that the very fermentation process that deactivates the catechin in green tea creates a whole other set of powerful antioxidants that are present in black tea. Black tea actually contains more complex polyphenols than green tea. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| Thus, an extensive review will not be provided here except as these effects relate to neuroprotection, where it appears that the strongest evidence suggests that the primary beneficial properties of egcg may be its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metal chelating abilities. In addition, these catechins appear to enhance prosurvival genes and, as described later for blueberries, act to enhance neuroprotection and reduce stress signaling. This multiplicity of effects appears to provide a significant protection against oxidative and inflammatory stressors. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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 A clinical study confirms these findings in patients through the use of either topical application via a poly E ointment and/or oral ingesrion via a poly E or an egcg capsule. |
Erich Grotewold
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| Tea and tea polyphenols
The anticarcinogenesis effects of egcg, green tea, and black tea extracts on various organs and animal model have been reported. Studies by Khan and collaborators showed that green tea polyphenols have a potent inhibitory effect on skin tumorigenicity in Senear mice (Khan et al, 1988). In recent years, many studies demonstrated that topical application or oral feeding of a polyphenolic fraction from tea extract or of individual catechin derivatives had anticarcinogenesis effects in animal skins and other organs (Yang and Wang, 1993). |
| Inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis in transplanted and spontaneous metastasis models by orally administered green tea infusion of egcg also was reported (Liu et al, 2001; Sazuka et al, 1995). Most of the studies were conducted with chemical- or ultraviolet light-induced tumorigenesis models. For example, administration of 1% or 2% freshly brewed green or black tea significantly inhibited the spontaneous development of lung adenoma and rhabdomyosarcoma in A/J mice (Landau et al, 1998). |
| For example, egcg inhibited lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice induced by NNK and cisplatin (Xu et al., 1992). Theaflavins (a mixture of theaflavin, theaflavin-3-gallate, theaflavin-3'-gallate, and theaflavin-3,3'-digallate) reduced NNK-induced lung tumor multiplicity and volume in A/J mice (Yang et al., 1997a and b). These findings are interesting, given the extremely poor bioavailability of theaflavins, and may suggest that the theaflavins are metabolized to a more-bioavailable active metabolite. |
| This newly synthesized catechin derivative OC possibly binds to the lipid membrane more strongly than does catechin, ECG, or egcg and as a result perturbs the membrane structure (Aoshima et al., 2005).
4. SUPPRESSION OF CANCER GROWTH 4.1. Antiproliferative effects
Deregulated proliferation appears to be a hallmark of increased susceptibility to neoplasia. Cancer prevention generally is associated with inhibition, reversion, or delay of cellular hyperproliferation. |
| The results suggest that egcg either exerts its growth-inhibitory effects through modulation of the activities of several key Gl regulatory proteins such as CDK2 and CDK4 or mediates the induction of the CDK inhibitors p21 Wafl/Cipl and p27Kipl.
5. MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION BY
FLAVONOIDS
5.1. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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| Chen W. egcg inhibits UVB induced AP-1 activation and c-fos gene expression in a human keratinocyte cell line (abstract 2663). AACR; 39:391. 1998.
Chiu AE, Chan JL, Kern DG, et al. Double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of green tea extracts in the clinical and histologic appearance of photoaging skin. Dermatol Surg. 31(7 Pt 2);855-860. 2005.
Cooper R, Morre DJ, Morre DM. Medicinal benefits of Green Tea: Part II. Review of anticancer properties. J Alt Comp Med; 11(4): 639-653. 2005.
Diepvens K, Kovacs EM, Vogels N. Westerterp-Plantenga MS. |
| Theanine and egcg inhibited DOX cellular efflux by 30.5% (p<0.05) and 19.5% (p<0.05), respectively. Combining theanine with DOX in P388 leukemia tumor treatment reduced tumor weight by 63% (p<0.01). It is believed that Green Tea exhibits few side effects when taken with an antitumor agent and appears to improve cancer chemotherapy (Sadzuka et al, 2000).
The consumption of Green Tea was investigated in a case control study for breast cancer in Japanese women. |
Tori Hudson, N.D.
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| All treatment groups improved compared to placebo (50 to 75 percent versus 10 percent), but the topical treatment groups improved the most significantly compared to oral alone (75 percent versus 50 to 60 percent) 7°
MMHMMMMMMMMMMIMMMNI^^
Green Tea
Green tea extract (95% polyphenols, 80% catechins, 55% egcg, 10% caffeine): 300 mg per day orally
Green tea suppositories: insert one twice weekly (see treatment plans)
Indole-3-Carbinol/Diindolyhnethane (DIM). |
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