by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| Number and Sequence of amino Acids
Name
Description
Dipeptide
Linkage of 2 amino acids
Tripeptide
Linkage of 3 amino acids
Peptides
Linkage of 4 to 10 amino acids
Polypeptides
Linkage of greater than 10 amino acids
Proteins
Very long linkages of amino acids (> 100) and/or more than one linkage complexed together
TABLE 4. |
Jack Challem
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 Gamma amino butyric acid, an amino acid and neurotransmitter, helps your brain to filter out distractions.
• L-theanine, 100 mg twice daily. This amino acid, found in green tea, both relaxes you and improves your mental focus. Look for "Suntheanine" on the label as a sign of quality.
• Pycnogenol, an antioxidant, 100 mg daily. This supplement has been found helpful in treating hyperactive behavior.
Heartburn, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and Obesity
Since the mid-1990s, pharmaceutical companies have transformed heartburn into gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 It was never meant to have free amino acids in such high concentrations.
Well, when you hydrolyze them -- or you use yeast extract or enzymes to break down these various proteins into their free, released amino acids -- they're not natural any longer. What you've done is artificially release the amino acids in an unnatural way, and when they enter your GI tract, they are absorbed as free amino acids, then your blood level of that glutamic acid goes up significantly. As I said, it can go up as high as 20-fold, in some cases 40-fold. |
| The level of free amino acids is nil; it's almost all absorbed as combined amino acids, and then it's only broken down in the liver, where it's released in very low concentrations that the body can deal with. It was never meant to have free amino acids in such high concentrations.
Well, when you hydrolyze them -- or you use yeast extract or enzymes to break down these various proteins into their free, released amino acids -- they're not natural any longer. |
Mary-Ann Shearer
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 If you eat too much of one type of amino acid it is deposited in the amino acid pool. Then when there is too little of any of the amino acids in the food you eat, the body withdraws what it needs from the amino acid pool. You can begin to
79 understand where the idea of bacon and eggs for breakfast, cheese for lunch, and meat for dinner originated, especially considering that it was thought that animal products were our only reliable source of protein. We now know that even on a fruit diet adequate amounts of protein can be supplied to the body (refer to the charts at the back of the book). |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |
| Special amino Acids
Special amino acids of specific interest in regard to growth and development, metabolism, and protection from environmental chemicals as well as a variety of diseases. They include arginine, the branched-chain amino acids, gluta-mine, lysine, methionine and cysteine, and taurine.
Arginine
Arginine is an amino acid that plays an important role in wound healing, detoxification reactions, immune functions, and promoting the secretion of several hormones, including insulin and growth hormone. |
Jack Challem
See book keywords and concepts |
| Gamma amino butyric acid, an amino acid and neurotransmitter, helps your brain to filter out distractions.
• L-theanine, 100 mg twice daily. This amino acid, found in green tea, both relaxes you and improves your mental focus. Look for "Suntheanine" on the label as a sign of quality.
• Pycnogenol, an antioxidant, 100 mg daily. This supplement has been found helpful in treating hyperactive behavior.
Heartburn, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, and Obesity
Since the mid-1990s, pharmaceutical companies have transformed heartburn into gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |
| An Aventis product —Lantus —has two additional amino acids molecules (glargine), for a total of 53 amino acids and one changed for another, essentially creating a foreign growth hormone structure. Attention diabeticsl Step right up. Be a human guinea pig for determining long-term results! There is no proof it is any better than Beef UL, only that it might be better than the very worst of the human "insulins from hell," NPH or Isophane human. New hormone technology is inherently dangerous. |
Steven V. Joyal
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 Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. Br Nutr 2003 Feb; 89(2):239-48.
Hama T et al. Intestinal absorption of beta-alanine, anserine and carnosine in rats. /Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 1976; 22(2): 147-57.
Harper CR, Jacobson TA. The fats of life: The role of omega-3 fatty acids in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Arch Intern Med200\; l6l(18):2185-92.
Harris WS. Extending the cardiovascular benefits of omega-3 fatty acids. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2005 Sep; 7(5):375-80.
Haupt E et al. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
See article keywords and concepts |
| Well, when you hydrolyze them -- or you use yeast extract or enzymes to break down these various proteins into their free, released amino acids -- they're not natural any longer. What you've done is artificially release the amino acids in an unnatural way, and when they enter your GI tract, they are absorbed as free amino acids, then your blood level of that glutamic acid goes up significantly. As I said, it can go up as high as 20-fold, in some cases 40-fold. Your blood brain barrier is not constructed to handle such high levels of glutamate, because it doesn't naturally occur that way. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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 The composition of valerian includes sesquiterpenes of the volatile oil (including valeric acid), iridoids (valepotriates), alkaloids, furanofuran lig-nans, and free amino acids such as y-aminobutyric acid (GABA), tyrosine, arginine, and glutamine. Valerian administered to animals shows sedative effects.
Valerian is often combined with passionflower and St.-John's-wort for treating anxiety or sleeplessness. A number of studies in humans have shown that it significantly decreases the time it takes to fall asleep and improves sleep quality when compared to a placebo. |
Ann N. Martin
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 For dogs, vegetable protein does not contain all the amino acids that are required; therefore, a correct formulation of grains and other ingredients must be made if you plan on feeding your dog a vegetarian diet.
Indigestible proteins, such as those used in some commercial per foods (hair, feathers, fecal matter), obviously cannot sustain an animal. Meat, fish, eggs (a complete source of protein), and dairy products provide many, if not all, the amino acids that your pet requires. |
Caldwell B. Esselstyn, Jr., M.D.
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 There is another delicate enzyme with a formidable name—dimethyl arginine dimethyl amino hydrolase, or DDAH—that destroys ADMA, in order to favor production of nitric oxide. But the usual cardiovascular risk factors (high cholesterol, high triglycerides, high homocysteine, insulin resistance, hypertension, and tobacco use) all impair the ability of that delicate enzyme to destroy ADMA.
NO (Nitric oxide)
Nitric oxide synthase
CrnZI
DDAH (Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase)
Oxidative stress and all \ / major cardiovascular risk factors /\ destroy DDAH
Figure 6. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
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 Insulin, which is released when you eat carbohydrates, suppresses the circulating levels of most amino acids except that of tryptophan, the amino acid from which serotonin is made," Dr. Wurt-man contends. "About 20 to 30 minutes after you eat carbohydrates, the serotonin is made by the brain and starts its work at restoring good moods.
"All carbohydrates will do it except fruit, but, of course, from a nutritional standpoint, it's obviously better to eat healthy carbohydrates such as whole grains and sweet potatoes. |
Judith Wills
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 Proteins from different food sources contain different amino acids. Twenty-two of these amino acids are used in the body in different combinations to make the body's own proteins, such as muscle, and for all the other activities outlined above.
The amino acids can be divided into two broad types—non-essential amino acids and essential amino acids. Non-
ESTIMATED PROTEIN NEEDS
(kg body weight x 0.75)
Body weight
113 lb (51 kg) 125 lb (57 kg) 140 lb (63.5 kg) 154 lb (70 kg) 169 lb (76.5 kg) 183 lb (83 kg) 196 lb (89 kg) 210 lb (95. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |
| Examples of Substances Made of Individual amino Acids
Amino Acid
Substances Made of the amino Acid
Tryptophan
Serotonin
Lysine and methionine
Carnitine
Methionine, glycine, and arginine
Creatine
Methionine
S-adenosylmethionine
Aspartic acid and glutamine
Pyrimidines
Aspartic acid, glutamine, and glycine
Purines
Tyrosine or phenylalanine
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, dopamine other part of the chain. This helps stabilize the final three-dimensional design. |
Luca Turin
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 When you go to the health store and pay good money for largely useless amino acids, you will notice that the label says L-leucine. The L stands for left. There is no R-leucine for sale, and if there were, it would do you even less good than the L flavour because the enzymes that use it to make things have chiral binding sites. In fact, R-leucine, like all R amino acids, is likely to be either toxic or useless. amino acids are the beads making up the receptors, and we only use L forms. Making an exact mirror-image OR site to match the RO is
* John Leffingwell and his company (www.leffingweU. |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
See book keywords and concepts |
| An Aventis product —Lantus —has two additional amino acids molecules (glargine), for a total of 53 amino acids and one changed for another, essentially creating a foreign growth hormone structure. Attention diabeticsl Step right up. Be a human guinea pig for determining long-term results! There is no proof it is any better than Beef UL, only that it might be better than the very worst of the human "insulins from hell," NPH or Isophane human. New hormone technology is inherently dangerous. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
See book keywords and concepts |
| Examples of Substances Made of Individual amino Acids
Amino Acid
Substances Made of the amino Acid
Tryptophan
Serotonin
Lysine and methionine
Carnitine
Methionine, glycine, and arginine
Creatine
Methionine
S-adenosylmethionine
Aspartic acid and glutamine
Pyrimidines
Aspartic acid, glutamine, and glycine
Purines
Tyrosine or phenylalanine
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormone, dopamine other part of the chain. This helps stabilize the final three-dimensional design. |
John J. Ratey, MD
See book keywords and concepts |
 Whole grains have complex carbohydrates that supply a steady flow of energy rather than the spike and crash of simple sugars, and they're necessary to transport amino acids such as tryptophan into the brain. As you learned in chapter 4, tryptophan is a precursor necessary for the production of serotonin, and it and other important amino acids come from protein.
The brain is made up of more than 50 percent fat, so fats are important too, as long as they're the right kind. Trans fat, animal fat, and hydrogenated oils gum up the works, but the omega-3s found in fish are enormously beneficial. |
Connie Bennett, C.H.H.C. with Stephen T. Sinatra, M.D.
See book keywords and concepts |
| It's comprised of 50 percent L-phenylalanine (an amino acid), 40 percent L-aspartic acid (another amino acid), and 10 percent methanol. "Methanol is a wood alcohol that breaks down chemically into formic acid and formaldehyde," Dr. Hull explains. And neurosurgeon Russell L. Blaylock, M.D., who has spent a decade studying the effects of both aspartame and MSG, says that the formaldehyde makes aspartame "a dangerous neurotoxin which can damage the nervous system, and it is a significant carcinogen for many organs. |
Paul D. Blanc, M.D.
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 Collagen is a protein polymer, a specific category of molecules in which the sttuctural backbone is made up of repeating sequences of amino acids.
Although plants do not make collagen, they do produce theit own long molecular polymers that, like collagen, help them hold themselves together. These polymers, too, can be exploited for their adhesive qualities. In contrast to collagen, however, gluey plant polymers are made up of repeated sequences of sugars, not amino acids. Very long polymer strings of sugar occurring in nature are called cellulose. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| Branched-Chain amino Acids
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These essential amino acids are very important for the maintenance of muscle tissue and appear to preserve muscle stores of glycogen, a storage form of carbohydrate that can be converted into energy. Some researchers think that a fall in the plasma concentration of BCAAs contributes to fatigue in endurance events, but attempts to enhance endurance performance with BCAA supplementation have been inconclusive. |
Donna Jackson Nakazawa
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 This particular string of eight amino acids, taken by researchers from what is known as the "Sm B amino acid sequence" was bound by the autoantibodies of lupus patients. It existed as a kind of smoking-gun evidence after a crime. Harley suggested James look at the sequence more closely. |
| They may see a set of amino acids, or a bar code, in healthy body tissue that is very like those in the flu virus, and instead of recognizing that pattern as being similar yet distinctly different, they goof, mistaking the sequence of amino acids in the healthy body cells for those belonging to the infiltrating germ. They set out to obliterate all the cells and viruses that share the same sequences, just to be sure they are getting the job done.
Such was the case in my own episodes of neurological autoimmunity. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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 L-Theanine Promotes the Relaxation Response
L-theanine is a unique amino acid found almost exclusively in tea plants (Camellia sinensis). In fact, L-theanine is the primary amino acid component of green tea, comprising between 1 and 2 percent of the dry weight of tea leaves. The effects of L-theanine are truly amazing. Clinical studies have demonstrated that L-theanine reduces stress, improves the quality of sleep, diminishes the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, heightens mental acuity, and reduces negative side effects of caffeine. |
Peter h. Fraser and Harry Massey
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 Research has since shown that amino acids, proteins, and many types of molecules act as coupled oscillators in the body if they are close enough together. Information travels through the network via resonance that is caused by the movements of the body and of the molecules within the body. These motions can even create electromagnetic fields that, because they are networked together like a giant web, send energy and information to every part of the body. Confirmation of this theory has come from many fronts, but a representative study is one that was carried out in 1991 by K.J. Pienta and D. S. |
Brigitte Mars, A.H.G.
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 Other Uses
None reported
Constituents
Vitamin C, choline, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, amino acids (arginine, glutamine, leucine, tyrosine), steroidal saponins (dioscin), starch, mucilage, tannins, amylase
Energetic Correspondences
• Flavor: sweet, bitter
• Temperature: warm
• Moisture: moist
• Polarity: yin
• Planet: Venus/Jupiter
• Element: water
Contraindications
Avoid large doses during pregnancy, except under the guidance of a qualified health-care practitioner. Avoid large doses in cases of constipation or high blood pressure. |
Michael T. Murray and Michael R. Lyon
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| HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN (5-HTP), SATIETY, AND WEIGHT LOSS
The amino acid 5-HTP is the intermediate step between tryptophan and the important brain chemical serotonin. Trytophan is converted to 5-HTP, which in turn is converted into serotonin. Cortisol lowers brain serotonin levels because it inhibits the conversion of tryptophan to 5-HTE As a result, many people with high stress levels are overweight, crave sugar and other carbohydrates, experience bouts of depression, get frequent headaches, and have vague muscle aches and pains. |
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