Andrew Pengelly
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 In this chapter we review some of the basic chemical principles and terminology that are used throughout the book, along with an introduction to the biosynthetic processes through which plants manufacture their chemicals.
Biosynthesis of organic compounds Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process by which the leaves of plants manufacture carbohydrates and oxygen, using carbon dioxide from the air and water absorbed from the roots. The following equation should be familiar to anyone who studied biology at high school. |
Mike Adams, the Health Ranger
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 Daughton writes in the Renewable Resources Journal, "New drug entities, many with mechanisms of action never before encountered by biological systems, can be expected to enjoy continued introduction to commerce. All will have the potential to enter the environment merely as a result of their daily use (e.g., introduction to surface and ground waters via excretion, bathing, or disposal to sewage systems)."
In an interview with National Public Radio earlier this month, Daughton said the types of PPCPS found most in the nation's water supply fall into two categories. |
Andrew Pengelly
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| In addition, it provides a simple yet comprehensive introduction to the field which does not fall into the trap of being overly reductionist or technical. Rather, it adapts the technical information to existing knowledge, in the process helping to better define the traditional understanding that underlies the practice of herbal medicine. As such, this book provides both a unique education and a rationale for practitioners to broaden the range of clinical indications for many existing medicines. |
| An introduction to essential fatty acids', British Journal of Phytotherapy 5: 32-39.
Horrolein, H. F. and Manku, M. S. 1987, 'Premenstrual syndrome: a disorder of essential fatty acid metabolism', paper presented at 2nd International Symposium on Postpartum Menopausal Mood Disorders, Kiawah Island, SC.
McKenna, D. J., Jones, K. and Hughes, K. 2002, Botanical Medicines, 2nd edn, The Haworth Press, New York.
Marderosian, A. and Liberti, L. 1988, Natural Product Medicine: A Scientific Guide to Foods, Drugs, Cosmetics, George F. Stickley, Philadelphia.
Muller-Jakic, B., Breu, W., Probstle, A. |
| Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques, Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia.
Penoel, D. 1990, 'The place of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia in aromatic medicine', in Modern Phytotherapy—the Clinical Significance of Tea Tree Oil and Other Essential Oils, Vol. 3, Macquarie University, Sydney.
Re, L., Barocci, S., Sonnino, S., Mencarelli, A., Vivana, C, Paolucci, G., Scarpantonio, Rinaldi, L. and Mosca, E. 2000, 'Linalool modifies the nicotinic receptor-ion channel kinetics at the mouse neuromuscular junction', Pharmacology Research 42: 177-182.
Reuter, H. |
| Introduction to Modern Biochemistry, Academic Press, New York.
Mills, S. and Bone, K. 2000, The Principles and Practices of Phytochemistry,
Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh. Perrine, D. M. 1996, The Chemistry of Mind Altering Drugs, American
Chemical Society, Washington DC. Samuelsson, G. 1992, Drugs of Natural Origin, Swedish Pharmaceutical
Press, Stockholm. Sharp, D. 1990, Dictionary of Chemistry, Penguin Books, London. Tucker, A. and Debaggio, T. 2000, The Big Book of Herbs, Interweave
Press, Colorado.
Tyler, V., Brady, J. and Robbers, J. |
Ron Garner
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 Colon irrigation machines were commonly used in hospitals and doctors' offices up to the 1930s, until the widespread introduction of chemical laxatives and drugs.8 Colon hydrotherapy, even when done frequently, does not wash out friendly bowel flora. Healthy bacteria are constantly being introduced into the colon from the small intestine. Colon walls, just like the lining in our mouths, are composed of soft tissue and are not harmed by the introduction of water any more than our mouths are. |
Andrew Pengelly
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| REPPED: As Andrew Pengelly observes in his introduction to this text, the field of medicine has long been divided between the so-called 'rationalist' and 'vitalistic' approaches. The same dichotomy exists today among herbal practitioners. But as herbal medicine moves increasingly into mainstream acceptance, it is more and more being placed under the rationalist microscope. And not without good reason: our recent understanding of the therapeutic uses of plants has revealed a number of significant issues which have the potential to impact on the quality, safety and efficacy of herbal products. |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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 Now the introduction of novel, perfume-laden flavors into chocolate was ttuly an innovation in its history, and there can be little doubt that Redi, as the physician and apothecary to the Grand Duke, was responsible. The "amber" that is mentioned here is ambergris, a solid, fatty substance that occurs as a biliary concretion in the intestines of sperm whales, and is occasionally found washed up on tropical beaches. Once employed extensively in medicine, it is now used mainly in perfumery for its floral, violetlike fragrance. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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 France, Germany, England, Ireland, and other countries popped up in the medical literature, all within just a few years of its introduction to the market. The cases of Accutane-related depression and suicide reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Drug Administration were much higher than those of similar events related to other treatments for acne, such as antibiotics. By 2000 Accutane had earned the distinction of having the largest number of reports of side effects to agencies like the WHO of any drug in the world. |
| If 3% of patients treated with Accutane were to develop depression while taking isotretinoin who otherwise would not have, 180,000 people could have developed depression from Accutane since its introduction. This is higher than the estimated numbers of patients who have suffered a heart attack from taking Vioxx. |
| After its introduction in 1998, sales of Prilosec continued to rise year after year until they reached $ 1 billion a year in 1995 and peaked at $4 billion a year in 2000, when it was the most popular drug in the world, as reported by National Public Radio (April 18, 2002).
In 2002 AstraZenica convened a team to assess the impact of their blockbuster Prilosec going off patent. |
| After the introduction of OCPs in the '60s, doctors noticed that women taking them were developing blood clots in their legs and having heart attacks and strokes at higher rates. As I mentioned above, the newer generations of OCPs, with reduced doses of hormones, have lessened these risks.
So at this point in OCP history, how safe and effective are these pills? For nonsmoking women ages fifteen to thirty, who use a comparable form of contraception, the IUD, there is no increase in death rate. |
| These changes in rates of diabetes in countries where little or no diabetes previously existed have been directly correlated with the introduction of Western diets, specifically with the arrival of American fast-food restaurants like McDonald's and Wendy's.
In fact, in 2006 A. Hauber, an economist from Bear Stearns International, and E. Gale, a doctor at the University of Bristol in England (an unusual collaboration between the world of finance and that of medicine and science), wrote:
There are two dimensions to each new treatment for diabetes. |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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| It seems certain that Italy followed Spain and Portugal in adopting the chocolate drink, but the history of its introduction there and in the rest of Europe is as ambiguous and clouded as that of the other gteat novelty of post-Columbian Europe, syphilis. There are several rival theories there.15 One would have it that chocolate was brought into Italy by Emanuele Filiberto of Savoy (1528-80), Captain General of the Spanish army, who returned to Italy following the victoty of San Quentin over the French. |
Jeffrey M. Smith
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 The reactions among all subjects coincided with the introduction of Bt cotton and were not experienced beforehand. Reactions were mostly related to exposure with cotton in the field (78%). The longer the workers stayed in the fields, the worse their symptoms became. Reactions became less severe after they stopped work. Other reactions came from storing Bt cotton at home, sleeping on it or even resting on a cotton heap. Some field laborers take antihistamines daily. |
Ron Garner
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| While modern medicine leads us to believe the reduction of epidemic diseases like smallpox and polio is due to the introduction of mass vaccination programs, the research of Miller and Scheibner found this to be totally unsubstantiated. They found that infectious diseases, which were rampant in Europe even a century ago, had declined up to 90% before any vaccine had been used in large sections of the population. Diseases such as bubonic plague and scarlet fever disappeared entirely on their own without any vaccination programs at all. |
| Ignoring the Acid-Alkaline Balance
This subject is explored in detail in chapter 10, but a few comments are made here as an introduction.
Fundamental to digestion and health is acid-alkaline balance. In health, the cells of the body are slightly alkaline. In a disease state, cells are acidic. The more acidic cells become, the sicker we are and feel. The greatest causes of body acidity are stress and tension from negative emotions, such as anger and fear. Also detrimental are the acid-producing foods and beverages we consume as well as the air we breathe each day. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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| In contrast, the past decade has seen the introduction of a wide range of new therapies that have varied in their clinical and commercial success but have invariably been more expensive than the previously available options."1
Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is treated with injectable insulin. If you have type 1 diabetes you have no choice but to take this medication for a lifetime. This may also be true for some cases of type 2 diabetes, but this is a decision that must be made with your doctor. |
Roberta Bivins
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 Furthermore, the commercial, as well as the therapeutic, success of the 'Jesuit bark' (quinine-rich cinchona, see introduction) provided European travellers and traders with all the evidence they needed that a new remedy could be readily converted into profit. Thus much of the medical information gathered by westerners abroad addressed herbal medicines, and drew on the novel (to Europeans) pharmacopoeia of the tropics. However, as Busschof's encounter with the local Doctress suggests, other forms of medical expertise were also tapped by desperate (or simply curious) European voyagers. |
Ray D. Strand
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 As I mentioned in the introduction, the education of most physicians is disease-oriented with a heavy emphasis on pharmaceuticals—we learn about drugs and why and when to use them.
Because of the respect people have for doctors, they assume we are experts on all health-related issues, including nutrition and vitamins. Before my conversion experience with nutritional medicine, my patients frequently asked me if I believed their taking vitamins produced any health benefits. They brought their bottles of supplements into the office and let me look at them. |
| As I described in the introduction of this chapter, when I was not a fan of nutritional supplementation, I knew about these negative studies and quoted them frequently to my patients. At that time, one negative study seemed to negate hundreds of good-quality studies that showed supplements' health benefits. Because any individual who reads the medical literature will encounter several of these studies, I feel it is important to address a few of the most publicized ones. |
Devra Davis
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 Chalmers has reminded us that "if our society had been oriented towards finding out whether new technology is efficacious as soon as possible after its introduction there would not be much left to debate more than 30 years (later)." . . . But wistful wishing cannot alter the fact that mammographic screening in women under 50 years of age does not reduce deaths, while for those over the age of 50 years it saves lives. |
| The introduction to one report Kehoe prepared for the U.S. and British Intelligence Objectives Subcommittee on I.G. Farbenindustrie, Leverkusen, in January 1947, was straightforward: "The objective was to study incidence of and methods of prevention of bladder tumor among workers in the benzidine plant."The I.G. Farben researchers had developed precise methods for correlating the amount of chemical residue found in workers' urine, the percentage of all those working who had developed bladder cancer, and how many years they had been employed at the plant. |
Stacy Malkan
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 The dramatic change, the introduction of the California Safe Cosmetics Act, occurred just a few days before Bailey took the helm of the US cosmetics industry's trade association. "We had to get to work fast to keep up with this new landscape. We had our work cut out for us. We needed a strategic plan. We needed a road map." Bailey set four immediate priorities:
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1. Prevent the California legislation. "Failure to prevent such legislation, we knew, would increase your costs, damage the industry's credibility and inhibit the very innovations that benefit consumers."
2. |
| In one of the most dramatic failures of regulation since the introduction of asbestos, corporations around the world are rapidly introducing thousands of tons of nanomaterials into the environment and onto the faces and hands of hundreds of millions of people, despite the growing body of evidence indicating that nanomaterials can be toxic for humans and the environment," said a May 2006 report by Friends of the Earth. |
Jeffrey M. Smith
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| The aim of this project was to agree [to] safety assessment, risk management, and risk communication procedures that would 'facilitate market introduction of GMOs in Europe, and therefore bring the European industry in a
Dan Glickman
(US secretary of agriculture under President Clinton) competitive position. |
Sophie D. Coe and Michael D. Coe
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| We have seen that the Cteole Spaniards altered the indigenous method of producing foam on top of their chocolate by the introduction of the molinillo ot rotary whisk, a vertically grooved stick spun back and fotth between the hands. It is usually thought that this word is a straightfotwatd Spanish diminutive meaning "little mill," derived from molino, "mill." But, like chocolate, the story is not so simple. As Dr Leon-Portilla has pointed out,12 the twisting, back-and-fotth motion is not that of a European mill at all, but something quite diffetent, for which some othet term was necessary. |
Roberta Bivins
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| Acupuncture and moxabustion in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century China (and in the 'Traditional Chinese Medicine' practised in Europe and North America today) were therapies predicated on a set of basic philosophical beliefs about the natural world (see introduction). Chinese scholar-physicians used this cosmology to interpret their broad empirical knowledge of the human body and disease, and from this combination of experience and interpretation produced an immense pharmacopoeia, a detailed disease classification system, and a set of body-maps. |
Too Profitable to CureBrent Hoadley, Ph.D.
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| Another important consideration is the recent introduction of "counterfeit" drugs that have entered the system. Large wholesale pharmacy suppliers must be more cognizant of their sources.3 The pharmacists who deal directly with patients need to know more about the pills dispensed than the description on the computer. The $155 billion prescription drug market is not a place for shady wholesalers. All drugs purchased for resale should be acquired directly from the manufacturer and be supported by a verifiable paper trail. Resale of drugs (except back to the manufacturer) should be outlawed. |
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