What is NaturalNews NaturalPedia? | Information for Authors Home | About Natural News | Contact Us | About the Consumer Wellness Center
NaturalNews.com > NaturalPedia


311 authors, 1,220 books, 53,193 keyword concepts, 10,413,961 keyword occurrences, 23,283,159 keyword correlations

Key Health Concepts

Health | Treatment | Foods | Diet | Drug | Disease | Symptoms | Drugs | Products | Problems | Medicine | Herbs | Herb | Exercise | Causes | Chemical | Nutrients | Side effects | Supplements | Plants | Diseases | Chemicals | Nutrition | Supplement | Hormone | Illness | Ingredients | Remedy | Prescription | Disorders | Medications | Environment | Toxins | Medication | Extracts | Disorder | Prevention | Remedies | Medicines | Herbal medicine | Cosmetics | Chemistry | Prescription drugs | Phytochemicals | Nutritional supplements | Biology | Pharmaceuticals | Pharmacology | Conventional medicine | Medicinal plants | Healthcare | Pharmaceutical industry | Dietary supplements | Toxic chemicals | Herbal medicines

more...


Nutrients

Vitamin | Calcium | Vitamin C | Magnesium | Zinc | Vitamin E | Iron | Antioxidant | Potassium | Vitamin A | Enzyme | Amino | Antioxidants | Vitamin D | Selenium | Folic acid | Amino acids | Omega-3 | Beta-carotene | Serotonin | Copper | Flavonoids | Testosterone | Amino acid | Dhea | Melatonin | Niacin | Chromium | Glutathione | Alkaloids | Vitamin b6 | Sunlight | Manganese | Coenzyme | Vitamin b12 | Iodine | B vitamins | Omega-3 fatty acids | Collagen | Saturated fat | Essential fatty acids | Vitamins and minerals | Bran | Msm | Hdl | Folate | Choline | Quercetin | Pollen | Dha | Ascorbic acid | Curcumin | Carotenoids | Vitamin K | Glycosides | Lecithin | Tannins | Leptin | Prostaglandins | Lycopene

more...


Macronutrients

Protein | Seeds | Fiber | Calories | Salt | Oils | Enzymes | Minerals | Fats | Mineral | Proteins | Carbohydrates | Fatty acids | Carbohydrate | Dietary fiber

more...


Plants and Herbs

Leaves | Root | Garlic | Flowers | Leaf | Ginger | Ginseng | Bark | Roots | Flower | Olive | Echinacea | Hemp | Ginkgo | Tobacco | Green tea | Cotton | Pepper | Chamomile | Stems | Trees | Rose | Cinnamon | Turmeric | Cayenne | Rosemary | St. john's wort | Spices | Aloe vera | Rhizome | Spice | Grass | Ginkgo biloba | Sage | Saponins | Palmetto | Comfrey | Astragalus | Kelp | John's wort | Nettle | Oregano | Fungus | Basil | Alfalfa | Stevia | Ephedra | Peel | Black cohosh | Feverfew | Bush | Capsaicin | Cannabis | Arnica | Calendula | Biloba | Elm | Thistle | Red clover | Marijuana

more...


Drugs

Antibiotics | Tablets | Chemotherapy | Aspirin | Diuretic | Prozac | Antibiotic | Vaccine | Laxative | Sedative | Antidepressant | Antidepressants | Vaccines | Steroids | Diuretics | Stimulants

more...


Health Conditions and Diseases

Cancer | Pain | Diabetes | Depression | Infection | Heart disease | Inflammation | Diarrhea | Breast cancer | Infections | Arthritis | Anxiety | Asthma | Aids | Cancers | Nausea | Tumors | Aging | Virus | Allergies | High blood pressure | Nervous | Constipation | Headaches | Obesity | Allergy | Vomiting | Alzheimer's | Osteoporosis | Stroke | Insomnia | Hypertension | Ulcers | Heart attack | Anemia | Prostate cancer | Menopause | Cancer cells | Wounds | Colds | Hepatitis | Overweight | Hiv | Depressed | Alzheimer's disease | Rheumatoid arthritis | Atherosclerosis | Acne | Migraine | Bronchitis | Cramps | Cardiovascular disease | Eczema | Lung cancer | Herpes | Pms | Colon cancer | Gout | Odor | Irritability

more...


Foods and Beverages

Fruit | Tea | Sugar | Alcohol | Vegetables | Fish | Fruits | Juice | Meat | Soy | Meals | Beans | Vegetable | Coffee | Wheat | Corn | Nuts | Dairy | Grains | Yeast | Chicken | Eggs | Honey | Cheese | Bread | Chocolate | Yogurt | Olive oil | Fruits and vegetables | Salad | Butter | Beef | Berries | Wine | Flour | Dairy products | Potatoes | Grain | Apple | Drinks | Spinach | Broccoli | Tomatoes | Beverages | Onion | Cabbage | Breakfast | Carrots | Onions | Sugars | Whole grains | Meats | Flaxseed | Vinegar | Juices | Greens | Soup | Mushrooms | Legumes | Celery

more...


Anatomy

Body | Blood | Skin | Heart | Brain | Cells | Liver | Hair | Breast | Stomach | Muscle | Immune system | Tissue | Bone | Muscles | Head | Eyes | Kidney | Eye | Thyroid | Tissues | Prostate | Colon | Tumor | Feet | Mouth | Urine | Face | Lung | Nerve | Hands | Organs | Cardiovascular | Throat | Dna | Lungs | Bones | Nervous system | Bladder | Chest | Kidneys | Ear | Genes | Arteries | Blood vessels | Bowel | Joint | Appetite | Joints | Bile | Neck | Teeth | Legs | Nose | Foot | Nerves | Leg | Tract | Glands | Mucus

more...


Ingredients

Sodium | Aspartame | Lactose | Msg | Preservatives | Food additives | Fructose

more...


Supplements

Fish oil | Flaxseed oil | Coenzyme q10 | Lactobacillus | Glucosamine | Spirulina

more...


Chemicals

Caffeine | Pesticides | Free radicals | Mercury | Carcinogens | Fluoride | Aluminum | Pesticide | Additives | Fragrance | Poisons | Chlorine | Nicotine | Ethanol | Carcinogen | Dyes | Solvents | Benzene

more...


Hormones and Biochemistry

Insulin | Estrogen | Hormones | Homocysteine | Cortisol | Dopamine | Estrogens | Lipids | Neurotransmitter | Histamine | Steroid | Stomach acid | Saliva | Methionine

more...


Treatment Modalities

Massage | Fasting | Detoxification | Acupuncture | Relaxation | Meditation | Yoga | Ayurvedic | Homeopathy | Cleanse | Chinese medicine | Biofeedback | Folk medicine | Traditional chinese medicine | Aerobic exercise | Reflexology

more...


Biological Functions

Period | Metabolism | Memory | Attention | Digestion | Strength | Concentration | Weight loss | Vision | Breath | Menstruation | Fertility

more...


Substances

Food | Water | Acid | Extract | Light | Lead | Bacteria | Air | Liquid | Oxygen | Powder | Fluid | Acids | Tincture | Radiation | Cream | Tonic | Viruses | Carbon | Essential oil | Formulas | Poison | Plastic | Decoction | Fire | Hydrogen | Fluids | Essential oils | Metal | Moisture | Flavoring | Salts | Syrup | Paste | Drinking water | Steam | Pollution | Metals | Resin | Powders | Cocaine | Sunscreen | Mold | Cadmium | Asbestos | Heavy metals | Nitrogen | Pollutants | Paint | Rubber

more...


Animals

Rats | Mice | Cows | Turkey | Dogs | Cat | Cattle | Horse | Insects | Cats | Worms | Insect

more...


Concepts

Time | Study | Studies | Risk | Work | Energy | Life | Research | World | Group | Example | Minutes | Activity | Process | Weight | Healing | Conditions | Therapy | Experience | Production | Damage | Test | Source | Mind | Species | Care | Program | Heat | Nature | Week | Substances | Combination | Benefits | Development | Death | Factors | Reason | Needs | Systems | History | Pressure | True | Practice | Sources | Supplementation | Taste | Formula | Science | Average | Content | Surgery | Tests | Consumption | Range | Trial | Color | Treatments | Toxicity | Theory | Factor

more...


Adjectives

New | Medical | Natural | Normal | Little | Healthy | American | Chronic | Whole | Clinical | Physical | Fresh | Essential | Dietary | Major | Red | White | Herbal | Toxic | General | Cold | Free | Green | Dry | Hot | Public | Nutritional | Recommended | Active | Specific | Dried | Total | Strong | Serious | Potential | Raw | Greater | Black | National | Fatty | Simple | Organic | Traditional | Single | Positive | Excess | Poor | Complex | Quality | Sweet | Real | Regular | Beneficial | Environmental | Standard | Medicinal | Difficult | Yellow | Alternative | Modern

more...


Medical Adjectives

Scientific | Mental | Digestive | Living | Oral | Therapeutic | Intestinal | Acute | Adverse | Genetic | Internal | Biological | Urinary | Painful | Gastrointestinal | Respiratory | Cellular | Metabolic | Menstrual | Viral | Diabetic | In vitro | Adrenal | Bacterial | Cardiac | Standardized | Gastric | Hormonal | Vaginal | Topical | Rheumatoid | Placebo-controlled | Infectious | Carcinogenic | Molecular | Antiviral | Infected | Surgical | Uterine | Dental | Naturopathic | Antibacterial | Soluble | Systemic | Vascular | Peripheral | Aerobic | Pancreatic | Cervical | Inflamed | Degenerative | Obese | Spinal | Intravenous | Postmenopausal | Benign | Menopausal | Cerebral | Premature | Malignant

more...


Medical Terms

Results | Dose | Doses | Properties | Dosage | Placebo | Drops | Double-blind | Serum | Syndrome | Diagnosis | Gene | Dosages | Interactions | Infusion | Stimulant | Antibodies | Receptors | Injection | Potency | Platelet | Injections | Inhibitors | Krebs cycle

more...


Objects

People | Oil | Plant | Product | Produce | Vitamins | Animal | University | Home | Company | Report | Data | Industry | Capsules | Hospital | Seed | Journal | Agents | List | School | Diets | Companies | Label | Market | Laboratory | Earth | Review | Sun | Hour | Points | Compound | Soil | Table | Office | Components | Gas | House | Ice | Focus | Glass | Questions | City | Books | Waste | Wall | Strain | Land | Bath | Pills | Walls | Materials | Fields | Wood | Molecule | Lining | Pill | Garden | Health food | Wound | Organisms

more...


Organizations

Fda | Government | Epa | Hospitals | Organization | Clinic | Drug companies | Manufacturers | Congress | Psychiatry | Schools | Health food stores | Usda | Nci | Monsanto | Organizations | Lancet | Medical school | Corporations | Medical center | Pharmacy | Council | Military | Ama | Establishment | Pharmaceutical companies | Food and drug administration | Medicare | National cancer institute | School of medicine

more...


Persons

Parent | Johnson | Murray

more...


Biological Measures

Blood pressure | Body weight | Blood levels | Triglycerides | Height | Heart rate | Blood sugar levels | Blood glucose | Blood cholesterol

more...


Where

United states | Chinese | New york | Europe | America | China | California | India | West | Washington | Asia | Indian | Germany | England | Japan | Mexico | Africa | Canada | France | North america | London | Asian | Berlin | Boston | Harvard | African | Island | Florida | Australia | Texas | Brazil | Italy | South america | Bay | New york city | Oregon | Canadian | San francisco | Massachusetts | Los angeles | Chicago

more...


Who

Patients | Women | Children | Human | Patient | Doctors | Men | Family | Physician | Animals | Child | Physicians | Americans | Adults | Parents | Male | Baby | Elderly | Female | British | Practitioners | French | Japanese | Infants | Cancer patients | Childhood | Diabetics | Families | Farmers | Greek | Babies | For women | For children | Smokers | Herbalists | Mothers | Pregnant women | James | Infant | Indians | Surgeon | Athletes | Hoxsey | Sufferers | Volunteers | Postmenopausal women | Herbalist | Vegetarians | Human beings | Pharmacist | Alcoholics | Dentist

more...


Physiology

Effects | Levels | Effect | Increase | Immune | Prevent | Helps | Condition | Function | Changes | Intake | Deficiency | Increases | Exposure | Reduced | Improve | Rate | Young | Balance | Increasing | Absorption | Pregnancy | Reaction | Decrease | Blood sugar | Reduction | Decreased | Reducing | Circulation | Reduces | Allergic | Protection | Attack | Developing | Protective | Elevated | Swelling | Mood | Resistance | Improves | Sore | Inflammatory | Stimulates | Burning | Attacks | Cleansing | Recovery | Induced | Inhibits | Symptom | Deficiencies | Immunity | Tension | Inhibition | Blood flow | Cholesterol levels | Stimulating | Irritation | Sensitivity | Astringent

more...


Properties

Anti-inflammatory | Oxidation | Antiseptic | Relieves | Expectorant | Relieving | Antifungal | Antimicrobial | Analgesic | Calming | Irritant | Aphrodisiac

more...


Actions

Eat | Taking | Eating | Avoid | Growth | Drink | Making | Sleep | Treating | Approach | Working | Drinking | Rest | Growing | Play | Remember | Read | Cooking | Breathing | Actions | Smoking | Testing | Preventing | Movement | Understanding | Wrote | Learned | Giving | Learning | Adding | Building | Walking | Boiling | Synthesis | Functioning | Cook | Finding | Reading | Keeping | Starting | Prevents | Running | Boil | Repair | Improving | Creating | Elimination | Hearing | Processing | Changing | Protects | Maintaining | Spray | Manufacture | Talking | Turns | Stimulation | Rid | Baking | Sitting

more...


When

Summer | Spring | Winter | At night | October | July | April | August | September | February | December

more...


FAIR USE NOTICE: The research quoted here is provided under the protection of Fair Use provisions and published by the 501(c)3 non-profit Consumer Wellness Center for the purposes of public comment and education. Authors / publishers may submit books for consideration of inclusion here.

TERMS OF USE: Read full terms of use. Citations of text from NaturalPedia must include: 1) Full credit to the original author and book title. 2) Secondary credit to the Natural News Naturalpedia as a research resource and a link to www.NaturalNews.com/np/index.html

This unique compilation of research is copyright (c) 2008 by the non-profit Consumer Wellness Center.

ABOUT THE CREATOR OF NATURALPEDIA: Mike Adams, the creator of this NaturalNews Naturalpedia, is the editor of NaturalNews.com, the internet's top natural health news site, creator of the Honest Food Guide (www.HonestFoodGuide.org), a free downloadable consumer food guide based on natural health principles, author of Grocery Warning, The 7 Laws of Nutrition, Natural Health Solutions, and many other books available at www.TruthPublishing.com, creator of the earth-friendly EcoLEDs company (www.EcoLEDs.com) that manufactures energy-efficient LED lighting products, founder of Arial Software (www.ArialSoftware.com), a permission e-mail technology company, creator of the CounterThink Cartoon series (www.NaturalNews.com/index-cartoons.html) and author of over 1,500 articles, interviews, special reports and reference guides available at www.NaturalNews.com. Adams' personal philosophy and health statistics are available at www.HealthRanger.org.

Research Popular Books

Rockefeller Medicine Men: Medicine and Capitalism in America by E. Richard Brown

Encyclopedia of Fruits, Vegetables, Nuts and Seeds for Healthful Living by Dr. Joseph M. Kadans, N.D.

Sugar Blues by William Duffy

Miracle Medicine Foods by Rex Adams

Breast Cancer: A Nutritional Approach by Carlton Fredericks, Ph.D.

Rapid Healing Foods by Ben Davis

Homeopathic Medicine at Home: Natural Remedies for Everyday Ailments and Minor Injuries by Maesimund B. Panos, M.D. and Jane Heimlich

The Practical Encyclopedia of Natural Healing by Mark Bricklin

Diet, Nutrition and Cancer by Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer, Assembly of Life Sciences National Research Council

Tropical Nature: Life and Death in the Rain Forests of Central and South America by Adrian Forsyth and Kenneth Miyata

The How to Herb Book: Let's Remedy the Situation by Velma J. Keith and Monteen Gordon

The Body Electric: Electromagnetism and the Foundation of Life by Robert Becker, M.D., and Gary Selden

The New Holistic Health Handbook: Living Well in a New Age by Berkeley Holistic Health Center and Shepherd Bliss

Bodymind by Ken Dychtwald

The Scientific Validation of Herbal Medicine: How to Remedy and Prevent Disease with Herbs, Vitamins, Minerals and Other Nutrients by Daniel B. Mowrey, Ph.D.

Love, Medicine and Miracles: Lessons Learned About Self-Healing from a Surgeon's Experience with Exceptional Patients by Bernie S. Siegel, M.D.

Medicinal Mushrooms: An Exploration of Tradition, Healing, & Culture (Herbs and Health Series) by Christopher Hobbs

Fluoride the Aging Factor: How to Recognize and Avoid the Devastating Effects of Fluoride by Dr. John Yiamouyiannis

Secrets of the Chinese Herbalists by Richard Lucas

Nutrition and Mental Illness: An Orthomolecular Approach to Balancing Body Chemistry by Carl C. Pfeiffer

Heinerman's Encyclopedia of Fruits, Vegetables and Herbs by John Heinerman

The Timetables of Science: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Science by Alexander Hellemans and Brian Bunch

The Food Pharmacy: Dramatic New Evidence That Food Is Your Best Medicine by Jean Carper

Diseasing of America: Addiction Treatment Out of Control by Stanton Peele

The Healthy Home: An Attic-to-Basement Guide to Toxin-Free Living by Linda Mason Hunter

The Healing Foods: The Ultimate Authority on the Curative Power of Nutrition by Patricia Hausman & Judith Benn Hurley

Quantum Psychology: How Brain Software Programs You and Your World by Robert Anton Wilson

Mindfulness by Ellen J. Langer

The Doctor's Vitamin and Mineral Encyclopedia by Sheldon Saul Hendler

Aspartame (Nutrasweet) - Is It Safe? by H.J. Roberts, M.D.

Empty Harvest by Dr Bernard Jenson and Mark Anderson

Biomarkers by William Evans, Ph.D., and Irwin H. Rosenberg, M.D., with Jacqueline Thompson

Safe Food: Eating Wisely In A Risky World by Michael F. Jacobson, Ph.D., Lisa Y. Lefferts and Anne Witte Garland

The Holographic Universe by Michael Talbot

Herbs of Life: Health & Healing Using Western & Chinese Techniques by Lesley Tierra

Don't Drink Your Milk by Frank A. Oski, M.D.

Staying Healthy with Nutrition: The Complete Guide to Diet and Nutritional Medicine by Elson M. Haas, M.D.

Chilies to Chocolate: Food the Americas Gave the World by Nelson Foster and Linda S. Cordell

Cancer Therapy: The Independent Consumer's Guide To Non-Toxic Treatment & Prevention by Ralph W. Moss, Ph.D.

Quantum Consciousness: The Guide to Experiencing Quantum Psychology by Stephen Wolinsky and Kristi L. Kennen

The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy by E. D. Hirsch

The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know by James Trefil, Joseph F. Kett, and E. D. Hirsch

The AIDS War: Propaganda, Profiteering and Genocide from the Medical-Industrial Complex by John Lauritsen

Food Your Miracle Medicine by Jean Carper

Healing with Whole Foods: Asian Traditions and Modern Nutrition by Paul Pitchford

Natural Alternatives to Over-The-counter and Prescription Drugs by Michael T. Murray, N.D.

Heinerman's Encyclopedia of Healing Juices by John Heinerman

Age Erasers for Men: Hundreds of Fast and Easy Ways to Beat the Years by Doug Dollemore, Mark Giuliucci and the Editors of Men's Health Magazine

Beating Cancer with Nutrition by Patrick Quillin, PhD,RD,CNS

Your Doctor is Not In: Healthy skepticism about national health care by Jane M. Orient, M.D.

Symptoms: Their Causes & Cures : How to Understand and Treat 265 Health Concerns by the Editors of PREVENTION Magazine Health Books

Staying Healthy in a Risky Environment: The New York University Medical Center Family Guide by Arthur C. Upton, M.D.

Smart Exercise: Burning Fat, Getting Fit by Covert Bailey

Toxic Sludge is Good For You: Lies, Damn Lies and the Public Relations Industry by John Stauber and Sheldon Rampton

A New Science of Life by Rupert Sheldrake

Food and Healing by Annemarie Colbin

Feed Your Body Right: Understanding Your Individual Body Chemistry for Proper Nutrition Without Guesswork by Lendon H. Smith, M.D.

Living Downstream by Sandra Steingraber

Curcuminoids: Antioxidant Phytonutrients by Muhammed Majeed, Ph.D. Vladimir Badmaev, M.D., Ph.D. Uma Shivakumar, Ph.D. R. Rajendran, M.S.

Bartram's Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine: The Definitive Guide by Thomas Bartram

The People's Guide to Deadly Drug Interactions by Joe Graedon and Teresa Graedon

Constant Craving: What Your Food Cravings Mean and How to Overcome Them by Doreen Virtue, Ph.D.

New Choices in Natural Healing: Over 1,800 of the Best Self-Help Remedies from the World of Alternative Medicine by Bill Gottlieb

The Healing Power of Herbs: The Enlightened Person's Guide to the Wonders of Medicinal Plants by Michael T. Murray, N.D.

Prescription Medicines, Side Effects and Natural Alternatives by American Medical Publishing

Optimal Wellness by Ralph Golan, M.D.

Eat Right, Live Longer: Using the Natural Power of Foods to Age-Proof Your Body by Neal Barnard, M.D.

Doctor, what Should I Eat?: Nutrition Prescriptions for Ailments in Which Diet Can Really Make a Difference by Isadore Rosenfeld, M.D.

The Woman's Encyclopedia of Natural Healing by Dr. Gary Null

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions by Thomas S. Kuhn

Optimum Health - A Cardiologist's Prescription for Optimum Health by Stephen T., M.D. Sinatra

The Serotonin Solution by Judith J. Wurtman and Susan Suffes

Stopping the Clock: Longevity for the New Millenium by Ronald Klatz and Robert Goldman

The Woman's Encyclopedia of Natural Healing by Dr. Gary Null

The Great Book of Hemp: The Complete Guide to the Environmental, Commercial, and Medicinal Uses of the World's Most Extraordinary Plant by Rowan Robinson

Natural Cures by Michael Castleman

Heinerman's Encyclopedia of Healing Herbs and Spices by John Heinerman

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human: A Comparison of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Substances by Committee on Comparative Toxicity of Naturally Occurring Carcinogens

Cancer & Natural Medicine: A Textbook of Basic Science and Clinical Research by John Boik

Breaking Out of Food Jail: How to Free Yourself from Diets and Problem Eating, Once and for All by Jean Antonello

The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants by Andrew Chevallier

Reclaiming Our Health: Exploding the Medical Myth and Embracing the True Source of Healing by John Robbins

Manifesto for a New Medicine: Your Guide to Healing Partnerships and the Wise Use of Alternative Therapies by James S. Gordon, M.D.

Breast Cancer? Breath Health! The Wise Woman Way by Susun S. Weed

Herbs for Health and Healing by Kathi Keville

Prevention's Healing With Vitamins : The Most Effective Vitamin and Mineral Treatments for Everyday Health Problems and Serious Disease by The Editors of Prevention Magazine Health Books

Healing with Plants in the American and Mexican West by Margarita Artschwager Kay

Healing Touch: A Guide Book for Practitioners, 2nd edition by Dorothea Hover-Kramer, EdD, RN

A Dose of Sanity: Mind, Medicine, and Misdiagnosis by Sydney Walker III, M.D.

Health in the 21st Century: Will Doctors Survive? by Francisco, M.D. Contreras

Doctors Guide to Back Pain Relief: The Goodbye Back and Neck Pain Handbook by James H. Wheeler and James A. Peterson

101 Things You Don't Know About Science And No One Else Does Either by James Trefil

The Vitamin Revolution in Health Care by Michael Janson, M.D.

Slaughterhouse: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meal Industry by Gail A. Eisnitz

Milk The Deadly Poison by Robert Cohen

Excitotoxins: The Taste That Kills by Russell L. Blaylock, M.D.

20 Years of Censored News by Carl Jensen

Herbal Defense by Robyn Landis

Earl Mindell's Secret Remedies by Earl Mindell, R.Ph., Ph.D.

The Green Pharmacy: New Discoveries in Herbal Remedies for Common Diseases and Conditions from the World's Foremost Authority on Healing Herbs by James A. Duke, Ph.D.