Anne Harrington
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 A 1981 institute of medicine report on stress was right to note the "thriving industry" of self-help programs and best-selling books targeted to stress-linked disorders, especially hypertension.12 The authors of this report almost certainly had in mind best-sellers by medical authorities such as Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman's 1974 Type A Behavior and Your Heart, and Herbert Benson's 1975 The Relaxation Response.
With so much going on, so many mind-body narratives serving so many functions, there comes a moment when we want to say: But which of them are true? |
| In 1981 the institute of medicine estimated that some $35 million had been spent on stress research in 1979 alone, made note of the "thriving industry" of remedies and literature designed to help alleviate the problem, and pointed to the fact that many occupational-health disputes and legal cases now involved accusations of "excessive stress" on the job.28 One of the most prominent cases of this sort happened in 1981, when the U.S. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 But get this: Research from the institute of medicine shows that fully 50 percent of women aren't getting even the paltry amount of vitamin D currently recommended, let alone the revised, more optimal level.
Vitamin D and Men's Health
So we know for a fact that women are lacking vitamin D. What about men?
Not long ago, the website Medical News Today asked the rhetorical question, "How do we get men more interested in vitamin D?" The site reported that most men could care less. But what if vitamin D were linked to the kinds of things that get guys' attention? Performance? Sex? Hair growth? |
Bill Sardi
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 A 78-page report issued by the institute of medicine and National Research Council on chaparral in 2004 explains many of the promises and problems associated with chaparral., but it is probably too lengthy a document for cancer patients to wade through. |
Bottom Line Health
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| The popularity of complementary and alternative medicine is on the rise, with more than one-third of American adults using at least one of these treatments, according to a recent report by the institute of medicine.
Full disclosure enables full care. Robert Bonakdar, MD
And if you're like most people who use these treatments, you probably don't mention them to your primary-care physician. You may think it's not important, you might just forget or you might think your doctor won't approve.
FULL DISCLOSURE
Dr. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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 Obese >7
(BMI > 29)
Source: institute of medicine. (1990). "Nutrition during Pregnancy. Part 1: Weight Gain. Part 2: Nutrient Supplements." National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.
B. Caloric Requirements
The energy allowance for pregnancy may be estimated by dividing the gross energy cost (80,000 kcal) by the approximate duration (250 days following the first month), yielding an average value of 300 kcal per day in addition to the allowance of nonpregnant women [31, 32].
The caloric requirements are different for each trimester. |
Mark Sircus
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 Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intake for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, vitamin D and Flouride, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1997
8 Acid-Base Status Affects Renal Magnesium Losses in Healthy, Elderly Persons. Ragnar Rylander, Thomas Remer, Shoma Berkemeyer and Jiirgen Vormann. 2006 J. Nutr. 136:2374-2377, September 2006
9 U.S. Dept. of Health, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology, December 16, 1991. www.mgwater.com/fluoride.shtml
10 www.lef. |
| Institute of Medicine advisory: Reducing preterm birth; Causes, Consequences and Prevention; National Academies Press, June 2006; See: www.nap.edu/ catalog/11622.html
5 Rats kept severely magnesium depleted (receiving 1/200 the control magnesium intake) for the entire 21 -day period of gestation had no living fetuses at term (Hurley and Cosens, 1970, 1971; Hurley, 1971; Hurley et al., 1976). The shorter the duration of the magnesium deficiency, the fewer implantation sites were affected. |
| Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, vitamin D and Fluoride. National Academy Press. Washington, DC, 1999
26 Aging and magnesium; Saito N, Nishivama S; Clin Calcium. 2005 Nov;l5(ll):29-36.
27 Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis. Seijka Je, Weaver; Nutr Rev. 1995 Mar;53(3):71-4
28 How significant is magnesium in thermoregulation? J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 1998;9(l):73-85. PMID: 9793804 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29 Therapeutic hypothermia shows promise as a treatment for acute stroke. |
James Dowd and Diane Stafford
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 A simpler way to supplement magnesium is to calculate your daily need based on institute of medicine (IOM) requirements and take that full amount as a supplement. This will ensure that you meet at least 15 percent of your magnesium requirement. The IOM estimates that a child needs magnesium of about 5 milligrams per kilogram of lean body mass per day. This translates to 2.3 milligrams per pound of lean body mass per day. For adults, the amount is 6 milligrams per kilogram of lean body mass, or 2.7 milligrams per pound of lean body mass. |
Gary Null and Amy McDonald
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 In 2004, a report by the institute of medicine (IOM) concluded that there is no association between autism and MMR vaccine or vaccines that contain thimerosal as a preservative.
?There is no published scientific evidence showing that there is any benefit to separating the combination MMR vaccine into three individual shots.
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Possible Side-effects from Vaccines, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, June 12, 2007 http://wwwxdc.gOv/vaccines/vac-gen/side-effects. |
| Studies published since the institute of medicine report have continued not to find an increased risk of autistic spectrum disorder associated with measles-mumps-rubella. The vaccine also has not been found to be associated with a unique syndrome of developmental regression and gastrointestinal disorders. The evidence now is convincing that the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine does not cause autism or any particular subtypes of autistic spectrum disorder. |
| This is especially true because the handling of vaccine safety data from the National Immunization Program of the CDC has been called into question by the institute of medicine of the National Academy of Sciences in 2005.
A meta-analysis epidemiological assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders following vaccines administered from 1994 through 2000 in the United States. Geier DA, Geier MR.—The Institute for Chronic Illnesses,
Inc., Silver Spring, MD 20905, USA. mgeier@comcast.net. Neuroen-docrinology Letters. 2006 Aug;27(4):401-13. |
| The institute of medicine (IOM) reviewed the connection between mercury-containing vaccines and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism. They concluded that the hypothesis was biologically plausible but that there was insufficient evidence to accept or reject a causal connection and recommended a comprehensive research program. Without citing new experimental evidence, a number of observers have offered opinions on the subject, some of which reject the IOM's conclusions. |
Melody Petersen
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 While studies have shown that people lucky enough to have medical coverage are being harmed by too many tests, medicines, and procedures, the uninsured can't get the care they need. The institute of medicine estimated in 2004 that as many as eighteen thousand uninsured Americans were dying every year because they did not get needed medical attention.
Even having insurance was no longer a guarantee that families would avoid medical bills that threatened to send them into bankruptcy. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| Institute of Medicine (U.S.), Committee on Food Marketing and the Diets of Children and Youth, McGinnis, J. M., Gootman, J., and Kraak, V. I. (2006). "Food Marketing to Children: Threat or Opportunity?" National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
208. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2007). "Food for thought: Television food advertising to children in the United States." Available at: http://www.kff.org.
209. Kaiser Family Foundation. (2006). "It's child's play: Adver-gaming and the online marketing of food to children." Available at: http://www.kff.org.
210. Chester, J., and Montgomery, K. (2007). |
Bill Sardi
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| The problem, says a report from the National Cancer Policy Board of the institute of medicine, is that cancer survivors mostly "go it on their own." After treatment, patients are sent back to their primary care physicians, often without a plan for follow-up care. The big problem is that doctors aren't reimbursed for follow-up care, so it gets neglected. [CA Cancer Journal Clinicians 56: 65-67, 2006] This is puzzling since a list of good health habits, dietary measures and dietary supplement regimens would suffice. A pre-printed sheet of paper with after-care instructions would go a long way. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| Acta 37, 173-175.
51. institute of medicine and National Academy of Sciences USA. (1998). Choline. In "Dietary Reference Intakes for Folate, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B12 Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline," pp. 390-422. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
52. Fischer, L. M., Scearce, J. A., Mar, M. H., Patel, J. R., Blanchard, R. T., Macintosh, B. A., Busby, M. G., and Zeisel, S. H. (2005). Ad libitum choline intake in healthy individuals meets or exceeds the proposed adequate intake level. J. Nutr. 135, 826-829.
53. Cho, E., Zeisel, S. H., Jacques, P., Selhub, J. |
Jonny Bowden, Ph.D., C.N.S.
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 I go right to the National institute of medicine library, and look for what I can find on my own. And what I found about noni juice was pretty darn impressive.
Noni juice Traditionally Used as Medicine
The official scientific name of the noni berry is the Morinda citrifolia fruit. Morinda is actually a genus of about eighty species, mostly of tropical origin. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
Food and Nutrition Board, institute of medicine, National Academies
Range (percent of energy)
Macronutrient
Children, 1-3 y
Children, 4-18 y
Adults
Fat
30-40
25-35
20-35 n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids'3
(linoleic acid)
5-10
5-10
5-10 n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids"
(a-linoleic acid)
0.6-1.2
0.6-1.2
0.6-1. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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 The good news is that negative publicity about drug safety and the FDA led to the 2006 institute of medicine Report, which included a number of recommendations for the future, including increased monitoring of drugs after approval, increased regulatory powers for the FDA, and increased transparency for studies performed by drug companies. This report has led to further congressional activity regarding the FDA and drug safety. |
Shannon Brownlee
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 In its 1999 report To Err Is Human, the institute of medicine estimated that as many as ninety-eight thousand Americans are killed each year by medical error. Another ninety thousand to four hundred thousand patients are harmed or killed by the incorrect use of a drug—they received the wrong drug, or the wrong dose of the right drug, or two drugs that interacted in the wrong way. A friend of mine was hospitalized recently with a condition that caused her to be partially paralyzed temporarily from the chest down. |
| In 1999> tne prestigious institute of medicine published To Err Is Human, a report that documented the scope and outcome of medical error in American hospitals. The report stunned even health care professionals. The institute estimated that medical errors kill between forty-four thousand and ninety-eight thousand Americans each year. Some 4 percent of the thirty-three million people who are hospitalized annually, about 1.3 million patients, suffer from a complication—or in medical argot, an "adverse event"—that leads to a longer stay in the hospital, disability, or death. |
Ann M. Coulston and Carol J. Boushey
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| In 2005, the institute of medicine (IOM) committee for the prevention of childhood obesity acknowledged the lack of strong evidence regarding the best ways to prevent childhood obesity. The committee stated that the urgent need to control childhood overweight must be met by acting on the best available evidence rather than waiting on the best possible evidence to emerge [129]. A number of professional associations [130, 132-134] concur with this view but have made specific recommendations for assessment and treatment. |
Thomson Healthcare, Inc.
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 Mode of Administration: Oral
How Supplied: Capsule, liquid, tablet
Daily Dosage: The National institute of medicine recommends the following Adequate Intakes (AIs) for males and females: 0to6 months — 210 mg/day; 7 to 12 months — 270 mg/day; 1 to 3 years — 500 mg/day; 4 to 8 years — 800 mg/ day; 9 to 18 years — 1,300 mg/day; 19 to 50 years — 1,000 mg/day; 57+ years — 1,200 mg/day. The same AIs apply to pregnant or lactating women.
ADULTS
Colorectal cancer prevention: 1,200 to 2,000 mg/d (Hofstad et al 1998; Duris et al 1996; Lipkin & Newmark 1993; Zimmerman 1993). |
Shannon Brownlee
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| It's no surprise that between 1993 and 2003, according to a report from the institute of medicine, hospitals closed 425 emergency departments. In one study of California ERs, hospitals lost an average of $84 per patient seen on an outpatient basis in the ER and not admitted to the hospital. For trauma centers, where ambulances bring the critically injured, the cost of caring for patients can be mind-blowing. In the 1990s, the trauma center at the UC Davis Medical Center incurred losses of nearly $2.2 million on gunshot victims alone over a three-year period. |
| These questions represent a microscopic fraction of the mysteries that remain in medicine. The institute of medicine estimates that only 4 percent of treatments and tests are backed up by strong scientific evidence; more than half have very weak evidence or none. We can't improve the quality of health care or control costs without better evidence for what works and what doesn't, and we can't expect private industry, which currently funds a majority of clinical trials, to underwrite the research that's necessary to give us that evidence. |
J. Douglas Bremner
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| In 2005 in the aftermath of the Vioxx debacle and its withdrawal from the market, the institute of medicine was asked to provide recommendations for improving drug safety. As part of this process they interviewed Janet Woodcock, deputy commissioner of operations at the FDA. As reported by the New York Times on June 9, 2005 ("Drug Safety System is Broken, Top FDA Official Says"), she told the Institute that the nation's drug-safety system had ". . . pretty much broken down." She went on to say that "... |
Shannon Brownlee
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| Some critics of the two large studies that formed the basis for the Institute of Medicine's report argue that the number of adverse events may be inflated. Yet even using the institute's lower, more-conservative estimate makes preventable hospital error the eighth leading cause of death annually, ahead of motor vehicle accidents (43,458), breast cancer (42,297), and AIDS (16,516).
Drug errors are the most common mistakes of all, and on average at least one occurs for every patient admitted to the hospital. |
Peter h. Fraser and Harry Massey
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 Even if you do, science progresses at the proverbial snail's pace. The institute of medicine reported in 2001, to the dismay of members of the medical establishment, that it takes an average of "15 to 20 years for new scientific knowledge to percolate down into everyday medical practice."35
Theoretical shifts that could change the very understanding of the fundamentals of science can take even longer to become widely known and accepted. |
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