Richard Beliveau, Ph.D. and Denis Gingras, Ph.D.
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 So eating more omega-3-rich foods, such as fatty fish, can only have a positive impact on health, especially if this increased fish consumption is accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the consumption of saturated animal fats, such as red meats; it helps significantly reduce the risk of cancer.
In conclusion, changing diet so as to significantly increase omega-3 fatty acids consumption while reducing that of omega-6 fatty acids may certainly help to protect against cancer. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| Includes processed fish on a fresh (raw) basis and excludes game fish consumption. mins, and minerals, but it is their content of omega-3 fatty acids that receives the most attention. While virtually all fish and shellfish contain some omega-3 fatty acids, some contain much more than others. The following list provides a general grouping of fish and shellfish based upon their omega-3 fatty acid content. fish and shellfish grouped by their omega-3 fatty acid content
Higher-Level Group (more than 1. |
Alan R. Gaby, M.D., Jonathan V. Wright, M.D., Forrest Batz, Pharm.D. Rick Chester, RPh., N.D., DipLAc. George Constantine, R.Ph., Ph.D. Linnea D. Thompson, Pharm.D., N.D.
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 Evidence is accumulating in favor of fish consumption, a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids (page 509), as a way to help prevent stroke. Eating fish has been linked to reduced stroke risk in most,22, 23, 24 but not all,25,26 studies.
High salt intake is associated with both stroke27 and hypertension (page 246), a major risk factor for stroke.28 Salt intake may increase stroke risk independent of its effect on blood pressure.29 Among overweight (page 446) people, an increase in salt consumption of about 1/2 teaspoon (2. |
| In this study, the incidence of hypertension during pregnancy was significantly higher in women from communities with lower consumption of fish and lower in women from communities with high fish consumption. tion of preeclampsia (page 361) and chronic hypertension (page246).10-11'12
Job stress (lack of control over work pace and the timing and frequency of breaks) has been reported to be detrimental; therefore, reducing job stress may be beneficial in rhe prevention of GH. |
| When one group of researchers compared dietary intakes to cancer rates occurring ten years after the consumption of food, and also eliminated from consideration the effect of fat from fish consumption, they found a high degtee of correlation between consumption of animal fat (other than from fish) and the risk of bteast cancer death fates for women at least 50 years of age. |
Kaayla T. Daniel, PhD, CCN
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 This would appear obvious, yet the presence of omega-3s in unrefined cold-pressed soy oil has led vegetarian spokespersons to claim that it provides all the health benefits— from cardiovascular protection to brain power enhancement—attributed to fish consumption.41 This claim is both irrelevant and inaccurate. Irrelevant because the only soy oils most people ever eat are the refined and hydrogenated types proven to cause heart disease, cancer and other health problems; inaccurate because the fatty acids in soy oil are not interchangeable with those in fish oil. |
Phyllis A. Balch, CNC
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 One study found that eating fish more than three times a week was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer compared to infrequent fish consumption.
Q Drink at least ten 8-ounce glasses of water a day. This hydrates the body, keeps the prostate working efficiently, and helps to eliminate toxins from the body.
Q Restrict your intake of dairy products. Moderate consumption of soured products such as low-fat yogurt and kefir is acceptable. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| As the results of these studies became available in the mid-1980s and 1990s, they provided even stronger evidence that higher levels of fish consumption were associated with a lower risk of mortality from heart disease. It is now estimated that individuals whose diets include a higher intake of fish, particularly those high in omega-3 fatty acids, reduce their risk of heart disease by roughly 47 percent compared to those individuals who do not eat fish. |
| In addition to heart disease, scientists now know that fish consumption can lower the risk of many cancers—particularly breast, prostate, colon, and lung cancer—as well as many chronic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, asthma, depression, diabetes, high blood pressure, macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
How to Select and Store
Available year-round, fish is usually sold already cut into steaks or fillets, both fresh and frozen, with the skin left on to prevent the meat from falling apart during cooking. |
Michael T. Murray
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 The difference is that we more clearly define what are healthy vegetable oils that should be included in the diet, and we believe that regular fish consumption should be a part of a healthful diet. The four key principles of our diet program are to avoid high-calorie, low-nutrient foods such as junk foods, candy, and soft drinks; eat a "rainbow" of fruits and vegetables; reduce the intake of meat and animal products; and eat the right types of fats. |
T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D. and Thomas M. Campbell II
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 One minute fish consumption can help to reduce our disease risks, the next minute it can hurt. One minute eggs are bad, the next minute they can be healthy. It seems to me that what is missing here is the larger context. What you have without that context is just a lot of confusion.
UNRAVELING DIET AND CANCER
In addition to stating that diet and exercise are unrelated to breast cancer, the Harvard researchers have been chipping away at other popular notions regarding diet and cancer. |
Russell L. Blaylock, M.D.
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 Another study looked at a number of countries and found that as fish consumption increased, rates of postpartum depression decreased and vice versa. A Belgian study measured the level of N-3 fatty acids in ten women who developed postpartum depression compared to thirty-eight normal women and found significantly lower levels of N-3 fatty acids in their serum.571 The evidence is pretty strong, but few obstetricians are telling their patients to supplement with DHA.
It has been shown that the mother loses the greatest about of N-3 fatty acids during the last trimester of her pregnancy. |
James F. Balch, M.D. and Mark Stengler, N.D.
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 Over a seven-year period, researchers reviewed food frequency questionnaires to quantify fish consumption and dietary intake of the essential fatty acids DHA and EPA. Researchers found that people who ate fish only one to three times a month had a 40 percent lower risk of Alzheimer's than those who never ate fish. Those who consumed fish one time per week had a 60 percent lower risk.
Food to Avoid
If you have Alzheimer's or have a family tendency toward the disease, it is imperative that you stay away from all foods containing toxins and additives. |
Russell L. Blaylock, M.D.
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| This study looked at heart failure, rather than sudden death, and found that participants with the highest fish consumption were the least likely to suffer coronary heart failure.
Analysis of the effects of consuming large amounts of omega-3 fatty acids in persons with high triglyceride levels demonstrates that the fish oils can significantly lower these levels, as well as significantly improve blood flow (by reducing blood viscosity) and raising HDL levels. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| Fish consumption, in particular, has shown tremendous protection against heart disease and cancer because of the high content of omega-3 fatty acids in fish. Choosing smaller species of fatty fish, such as wild salmon, mackerel, herring, and sardines, is best because their smaller size and shorter life span translate into a smaller accumulation of mercury, PCBs, and other environmental toxins. Wild-caught fish have less accumulation than farmed fish. |
| While most of the nation's waters contain fish that are safe to eat, fish consumption advisories may recommend that people limit or avoid eating certain species of fish caught from certain lakes, rivers, or coastal waters. In some cases, advisories apply to specific water types, such as lakes, or they may include recommendations for specific groups, such as pregnant women or children. Advisories apply to locally caught fish or wildlife as well as fish purchased in stores and restaurants. |
T. Colin Campbell, Ph.D. and Thomas M. Campbell II
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| In practical terms this means that beef, pork, lamb and veal consumption is decreasing while lower-fat chicken, turkey and fish consumption is increasing. In fact, by consuming more poultry and fish, people have been increasing their total meat intake to record-high amounts,11 while trying (and largely failing12) to reduce their fat intake. In addition, whole milk is being consumed less, but low-fat and skim milk are being consumed more. Cheese consumption has increased by 150% in the past thirty years. |
by Michael Murray, N.D. and Joseph Pizzorno, N.D.
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| This organization, created by the Environmental Protection Agency, provides information on fish consumption advisories issued by the federal government, states, territories, tribes, and local governments. Generally, local governments protect people from possible risks of eating contaminated fish by monitoring their waters and issuing fish advisories when contaminant levels are unsafe. |
Peter J. Whitehouse and Daniel George
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 In addition to its alleged neuroprotection, n-3 fatty acids may have vascular benefits by increasing the dilation of veins and arteries, reducing the viscosity of our blood, and lowering the amounts of fats in the bloodstream. There is some evidence that n-3 fatty acids promote glucose metabolism, and contribute to improvement of mood and the alleviation of joint pain. Unfortunately, since the Industrial Revolution, most Western countries have undergone a transition in the types of fatty acids they consume. |
Textbook of Natural Medicine 2nd Edition Volume 2Michael T. Murray, ND
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| These findings suggest that while both fish consumption and fish oil supplementation produce desirable effects on lipids and lipoproteins, fish consumption is more effective in improving several other factors involved in cardiovascular disease.
Another study demonstrated an inverse correlation between fish intake and impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. A mean daily intake of 24.2 g was associated with a significantly lower incidence of glucose intolerance.86 In addition, mortality was lower in fish consumers (20.6/1,000 person-years) than in those who did not eat fish (31. |
Schuyler W. Lininger, Jr. DC
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 Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, Coulander CdL, The inverse relation between fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1205-9.
14. Ascherio A, Rimm EG, Stampfer MJ, et al. Dietary intake of marine n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary disease among men. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 977-82.
15. Albert CM, Manson JE, O'Donnoell C, et al. fish consumption and the risk of sudden death in the Physicians' Health Study. Circulation 1996; 94 (suppl 1): 1-578 [abstract #3382].
16. Thorogood M, Carter R, Benfield L, et al. |
The Life Extension Editorial Staff
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 Fasting triglycerides fell 29% with fish consumption and 26% with weight loss. The fish plus weight-loss regimen group showed the greatest improvement in lipids: triglycerides decreased by 38% and HDL(2) cholesterol increased by 24% compared with the control group. The authors concluded that adding a daily fish meal into a weight-loss regimen was more effective than either measure alone at improving glucose-insulin metabolism and dyslipidemia (Mori et. al. 1999). |
| The researchers concluded that DHA has an anti-inflammatory effect that results in lower CRP levels and that fish consumption may dectease the risk of coronary artery disease (Madsen et al. 2001; International Health News, http:// www. o ilofpisces.com/atherosclerosis .html)
• After angioplasty, 194 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 4-5 grams a day of fish oil (3150 mg of EPA and 1350 mg of DHA for 6 months) or instructions to eat a low fat (25% of total calories), low cholesterol diet (100 mg a day) without fish oil. |
| A study of 5386 nondemented people found that high intakes of total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol were associated with an increased risk of dementia. fish consumption was related to a reduced incidence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease (Kalmijn et al. 1997).
GENETICS
Several forms of Alzheimer's disease are genetic ot inherited. These inherited forms are usually associated with early onset Alzheimer's that occurs before the age of 50 and as early as 30. Less than 10% of all cases of Alzheimer's disease are inherited. |
| Omega-6-Series Cis-Linoleic acid (Cis-LA)
Omega-3-Series Alpha-Lmolenic acid (ALA) deka-6-desaturase ¦
Gamma-Linolenic acid (GLA)
Dihomogammalinolenic acid (DHGLA)
Prostaglandin E-1 delta-5-desaturase ¦
Arachidonic acid
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) i- Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Prostaglandin E-2 ' Prostaglandin E-3
Figure 5 Simplified View of the Omega-6 and Omega-3 Cascades
A number of studies have shown the protective value of fish consumption in tegatd to averting coronary heart disease and the incidence of sudden catdiac death. |
| Most of our DHA comes from fish consumption but also may be taken as a supplement.
Low DHA has been found to be a risk factot for development of Alzheimer's disease. The decreased levels of DHA in later life could be related to decreased synthesis secondary to lower levels of delta 6-desaturase activity (Horrocks et al. 1999; Kyle et al. 1999). |
Dr. Gary Null
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 A study examined the effects of fish consumption on plasma fatty acid levels in coronary heart disease patients with a history of at least one acute myocardial infarction. Results showed that the fish diet significantly decreased stearic fatty acid after 4 weeks of fish consumption. Significant increases were seen in linoleic acid levels. Such findings lead the authors to conclude that the consumption of fish might provide benefits for coronary heart disease patients.
M. J. Santos et al. |
Steven G. Pratt, M.D. and Kathy Matthews
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 In fact, in one fascinating epidemiological study, fish consumption was the most significant variable in comparing levels of depression and coronary heart disease.
The bottom line: there is a critical and optimal balance of omega-3 and omega-6 essential fatty acids, working with the nutritional cofactors of minerals, vitamins, phytonutrients, fiber, antioxidants, and electrolytes, which is important in reducing the incidence of many of the degenerative diseases currently epidemic in Western countries.
Tuna Guidelines
Canned tuna is a popular source of omega-3 EFAs. |
Gary Null
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| Limit sport fish consumption to the guidelines provided seasonally by the government.
18. Do not drink or eat foods that contain sugar substitutes such as NutraSweet, aspartame, etc., and avoid refined sugar, which usually contains silicon. Stevia, unpasteurized honey, maple syrup, and brown rice syrup are healthy substitutes easily available.
19. Avoid antibiotics unless your doctor has done the necessary test to identify the exact bacteria this antibiotic kills (except in extreme emergencies, e.g., meningitis); keep treatment period to a minimum.
20. |
Michael T. Murray, N.D., Joseph E. Pizzorno, N.D.
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 These findings suggest that, while both fish consumption and fish-oil supplementation produce desirable effects on lipids and lipoproteins, fish consumption is more effective in improving several other factors involved in cardiovascular disease.
Another study demonstrated an inverse correlation between fish intake and impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. An average daily intake of 24.2 g (about one ounce) of fish was associated with a significantly lower incidence of glucose intolerance.87 In addition, mortality was lower in fish consumers (20. |
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